Primary keys in Apache Spark

+1 vote
I am having a JDBC connection with Apache Spark and PostgreSQL and I want to insert some data into my database. When I use append mode I need to specify id for each DataFrame.Row. Is there any way for Spark to create primary keys?
Aug 9, 2019 in Apache Spark by nitinrawat895
• 11,380 points
6,129 views

1 answer to this question.

0 votes

import sqlContext.implicits._
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.{StructType, StructField, LongType}

val df = sc.parallelize(Seq(
    ("a", -1.0), ("b", -2.0), ("c", -3.0))).toDF("foo", "bar")

Extract schema for further usage:

val schema = df.schema

Add id field:

val rows = df.rdd.zipWithUniqueId.map{
   case (r: Row, id: Long) => Row.fromSeq(id +: r.toSeq)}

Create DataFrame:

val dfWithPK = sqlContext.createDataFrame(
  rows, StructType(StructField("id", LongType, false) +: schema.fields))

The same thing in Python:

from pyspark.sql import Row
from pyspark.sql.types import StructField, StructType, LongType

row = Row("foo", "bar")
row_with_index = Row(*["id"] + df.columns)

df = sc.parallelize([row("a", -1.0), row("b", -2.0), row("c", -3.0)]).toDF()

def make_row(columns):
    def _make_row(row, uid):
        row_dict = row.asDict()
        return row_with_index(*[uid] + [row_dict.get(c) for c in columns])
    return _make_row

f = make_row(df.columns)

df_with_pk = (df.rdd
    .zipWithUniqueId()
    .map(lambda x: f(*x))
    .toDF(StructType([StructField("id", LongType(), False)] + df.schema.fields)))

If you prefer the consecutive number you can replace zipWithUniqueId with zipWithIndex but it is a little bit more expensive.

Directly with DataFrame API:

(universal Scala, Python, Java, R with pretty much the same syntax)

Previously I've missed monotonically increasing id function which should work just fine as long as you don't require consecutive numbers:

import org.apache.spark.sql.functions.monotonicallyIncreasingId

df.withColumn("id", monotonicallyIncreasingId).show()
// +---+----+-----------+
// |foo| bar|         id|
// +---+----+-----------+
// |  a|-1.0|17179869184|
// |  b|-2.0|42949672960|
// |  c|-3.0|60129542144|
// +---+----+-----------+

While useful monotonically increasing id is non-deterministic. Not only ids may be different from execution to execution but without additional tricks cannot be used to identify rows when subsequent operations contain filters.

Note:

It is also possible to use the rowNumber window function:

from pyspark.sql.window import Window
from pyspark.sql.functions import rowNumber

w = Window().orderBy()
df.withColumn("id", rowNumber().over(w)).show()

Unfortunately:

WARN Window: No Partition Defined for Window operation! Moving all data to a single partition, this can cause serious performance degradation.


So unless you have a natural way to partition your data and ensure uniqueness is not particularly useful at this moment.

To know more about SQL, It's recommended to join PySpark Course today.

answered Aug 9, 2019 by ravikiran
• 4,620 points

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