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Java Interview Questions and Answers

Last updated on Sep 10,2024 2.9M Views

Aayushi Johari
A technophile with a passion for unraveling the intricate tapestry of the... A technophile with a passion for unraveling the intricate tapestry of the tech world. I've spent over a decade exploring the fascinating world of...
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Are you looking for the most asked Java interview questions for your upcoming interview? You are at the right place! In this blog, I am going to cover popular core Java Interview Questions that will set you apart in the interview process. There are different categories in this Java interview questions blog, such as basic Java interview questions, OOPs interview questions, Java coding interview questions, Spring interview questions, etc. These interview questions on Java and certification in Java can assist you in landing your dream job. Enroll for the Java course and get your certification today!

Let us start by taking a look at some of the most frequently asked Core Java interview questions:

Q1. What is Java?
Q2. List the features of Java programming language
Q3. How is Java different from C++?
Q4. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?
Q5. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.
Q6. What is classLoader in Java?
Q7. Why Java is platform independent?
Q8. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?
Q9. What are wrapper classes in Java?
Q10. What are constructors in Java?

We have compiled a list of top Java interview questions classified into 8 sections:
  1. Basic Java  Interview Questions
  2. Java OOPs Interview Questions
  3. JDBC Interview Questions
  4. Spring Interview Questions
  5. Hibernate Interview Questions
  6. JSP Interview Questions
  7. Java Exception and Thread Interview Questions
  8. Java Coding Interview Questions


As a Java professional, it is essential to know the right buzzwords, learn the right technologies and prepare the right answers to commonly asked Java Programming Interview Questions. Here’s a definitive list of top Java Interview Questions that will guarantee a breeze-through to the next level.

In case you attended any Java interview recently, or have additional questions beyond what we covered, we encourage you to post them in our Java community questions. Our expert team will get back to you at the earliest.  

So let’s get started with the first set.

Basic Java Interview Questions for Freshers

Q1. What is Java?

Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language with minimal implementation dependencies. A general-purpose programming language, Java allows programmers to write once and run anywhere (WORA), meaning compiled Java code can execute on all Java-supported platforms without recompilation. Java applications are usually compiled to bytecode that works on any JVM, regardless of computer architecture.

Q2. List the features of Java programming language.

  • Java is a language that is considered simple to learn. One fundamental notion of OOP Java must be understood.
  • Java offers a secure feature that aids in the development of a virus-free and tamper-proof system for users.
  • OOP is an abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming language. OOP denotes that everything in Java is considered an object.
  • Java is not compiled into a platform-specific machine; rather, it is compiled into platform-independent bytecode. The Virtual Machine that
  • operates the platform interprets this code.

Q3. How is Java different from C++?

Java and C++ are both object-oriented programming languages, but they have some key differences.

  1. Platform independence: Java is a platform-independent language, while C++ is a platform-dependent language. This means that Java code can run on any platform that has a Java virtual machine (JVM), while C++ code can only run on the platform that it was compiled for.
  2. Memory management: Java uses automatic memory management, while C++ requires manual memory management. This means that Java programmers do not need to worry about allocating and freeing memory, while C++ programmers need to be careful to manage memory correctly to avoid memory leaks.
  3. Safety: Java is a safer language than C++. This is because Java has built-in security features that help to protect applications from malicious code. For example, Java does not allow direct access to the operating system, which makes it more difficult for attackers to exploit security vulnerabilities.
  4. Performance: Java is typically not as fast as C++. This is because Java uses a virtual machine, which adds an extra layer of abstraction between the code and the hardware. However, Java applications are typically more portable and secure than C++ applications.

In general, Java is a good choice for developing portable, secure, and easy-to-maintain applications. C++ is a good choice for developing high-performance applications that require direct access to the operating system.

Q4. Explain JDK, JRE and JVM?

JDK vs JRE vs JVM

JDKJREJVM
It stands for Java Development Kit.It stands for Java Runtime Environment.It stands for Java Virtual Machine.
It is the tool necessary to compile, document and package Java programs.JRE refers to a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed.It is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides a run-time environment in which Java bytecode can be executed.
It contains JRE + development tools.It’s an implementation of the JVM which physically exists.JVM follows three notations: Specification, Implementation, and Runtime Instance.

Q5. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as public static void main(String[] args).

  • public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
  • static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is made static in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of a Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler will throw an error as main() is called by the JVM before any objects are made and only static methods can be directly invoked via the class. 
  • void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will not return any value.
  • main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method where the main execution occurs.
  • String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

Q6. What is classLoader in Java?

The Java ClassLoader subset of JVM loads class files. The classloader loads Java programs first. Three classloaders are built into Java:

  1. Bootstrap ClassLoader
  2. Extension ClassLoader
  3. System/Application ClassLoader

Q7. Why Java is platform independent?

Java is called platform independent because of its byte codes which can run on any system irrespective of its underlying operating system.

Q8. Why Java is not 100% Object-oriented?


Java is not 100% Object-oriented because it makes use of eight primitive data types such as boolean, byte, char, int, float, double, long, short which are not objects.

Q9. What are wrapper classes in Java?

Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects). Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of that class. Refer to the below image which displays different primitive type, wrapper class and constructor argument.

Q10. What are constructors in Java?

In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object. It must have the same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it is automatically called when an object is created.

There are two types of constructors:

  1. Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not take any inputs. In other words, default constructors are the no argument constructors which will be created by default in case you no other constructor is defined by the user. Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with the default values. Also, it is majorly used for object creation. 
  2. Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the constructor which is capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided values. In other words, the constructors which take the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

Q11. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?

Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given time, in one JVM. A class can be made singleton by making its constructor private.

Q12. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?

ArrayListVector
Array List is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.
Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized.Vector is slow as it is thread safe.
If an element is inserted into the Array List, it increases its Array size by 50%.Vector defaults to doubling size of its array.
Array List does not define the increment size.Vector defines the increment size.
Array List can only use Iterator for traversing an Array List.Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator for traversing.

Q13. Write a Java program to rotate arrays 90 degrees clockwise by taking matrices from user input.

Here’s an example Java program that takes a matrix as user input and rotates it 90 degrees clockwise:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class MatrixRotation {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        // Get the number of rows and columns for the matrix
        System.out.print("Enter the number of rows: ");
        int rows = scanner.nextInt();
        System.out.print("Enter the number of columns: ");
        int columns = scanner.nextInt();

        // Create the matrix
        int[][] matrix = new int[rows][columns];

        // Get the matrix elements from the user
        System.out.println("Enter the matrix elements:");
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
                matrix[i][j] = scanner.nextInt();
            }
        }

        // Rotate the matrix 90 degrees clockwise
        int[][] rotatedMatrix = rotateMatrixClockwise(matrix);

        // Print the rotated matrix
        System.out.println("Rotated matrix:");
        for (int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
                System.out.print(rotatedMatrix[j][i] + " ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }

    // Function to rotate the matrix 90 degrees clockwise
    public static int[][] rotateMatrixClockwise(int[][] matrix) {
        int rows = matrix.length;
        int columns = matrix[0].length;
        int[][] rotatedMatrix = new int[columns][rows];

        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
                rotatedMatrix[j][rows - 1 - i] = matrix[i][j];
            }
        }

        return rotatedMatrix;
    }
}

The user of this program must first enter the matrix’s row and column counts before entering the matrix’s components. It then calls the `rotateMatrixClockwise` function to rotate the matrix and prints the rotated matrix.
Please note that this program assumes the user will enter valid input (the correct number of rows, columns, and matrix elements). Error handling and input validation have been omitted for brevity.

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Q14. What is the difference between equals() and == in Java?

Equals() method is defined in Object class in Java and used for checking equality of two objects defined by business logic.

“==” or equality operator in Java is a binary operator provided by Java programming language and used to compare primitives and objects. public boolean equals(Object o) is the method provided by the Object class. The default implementation uses == operator to compare two objects. For example: method can be overridden like String class. equals() method is used to compare the values of two objects.

Q15. Implement Binary Search in Java using recursion.

Here’s an example Java program that implements the binary search algorithm using recursion:

public class BinarySearchRecursive {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = { 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91 };
        int target = 23;

        int result = binarySearch(arr, target);
        if (result == -1) {
            System.out.println("Element not found in the array.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Element found at index " + result);
        }
    }

    // Binary search using recursion
    public static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int target) {
        return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, 0, arr.length - 1);
    }

    private static int binarySearchRecursive(int[] arr, int target, int low, int high) {
        if (low > high) {
            return -1; // Element not found
        }

        int mid = (low + high) / 2;

        if (arr[mid] == target) {
            return mid; // Element found at mid index
        } else if (arr[mid] > target) {
            // Search in the left half
            return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, low, mid - 1);
        } else {
            // Search in the right half
            return binarySearchRecursive(arr, target, mid + 1, high);
        }
    }
}

This program uses binary search to find a target value `target` in a sorted array `arr`. Calling the `binarySearch` function triggers the `binarySearchRecursive` function. The `binarySearchRecursive` function executes the binary search algorithm through the utilization of recursion.

The `binarySearchRecursive` function takes the array, target value, and indices for the low and high boundaries of the search range. It compares the target value with the middle element of the current range. If they match, the function returns the index. If the target is smaller, it recursively calls itself with the left half of the range. If the target is larger, it recursively calls itself with the right half of the range. The process continues until the element is found or the low index becomes greater than the high index.

The program outputs the index where the element is found or a message indicating that the element was not found in the array.

Note: The program assumes that the array is sorted in ascending order.

Q16. When can you use the super keyword?

In Java, the super keyword is a reference variable that refers to an immediate parent class object.

When you create a subclass instance, you’re also creating an instance of the parent class, which is referenced to by the super reference variable.

The uses of the Java super Keyword are- 

  1. To refer to an immediate parent class instance variable, use super.
  2. The keyword super can be used to call the method of an immediate parent class.
  3. Super() can be used to call the constructor of the immediate parent class.

 

Q17. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?

HashSetTreeSet
It is implemented through a hash table.TreeSet implements SortedSet Interface that uses trees for storing data.
It permits the null object.It does not allow the null object.
It is faster than TreeSet especially for search, insert, and delete operations.It is slower than HashSet for these operations.
It does not maintain elements in an ordered way.The elements are maintained in a sorted order.
It uses equals() method to compare two objects.It uses compareTo() method for comparing two objects.
It does not permit a heterogenous object.It permits a heterogenous object.

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Java Interview Questions and Answers | Java Tutorial | Java Online Training | Edureka

Q18. What are the differences between HashMap and HashTable in Java?

HashMapHashtable
It is non synchronized. It cannot be shared between many threads without proper synchronization code.It is synchronized. It is thread-safe and can be shared with many threads.
It permits one null key and multiple null values.It does not permit any null key or value.
is a new class introduced in JDK 1.2.It was present in earlier versions of java as well.
It is faster.It is slower.
It is traversed through the iterator.It is traversed through Enumerator and Iterator.
It uses fail fast iterator.It uses an enumerator which is not fail fast.
It inherits AbstractMap class.It inherits Dictionary class.

Q19. How does HashMap work in Java?

A HashMap in Java stores key-value pairs. The HashMap requires a hash function and uses hashCode and equals methods in order to put and retrieve elements to and from the collection. When the put method is invoked, the HashMap calculates the hash value of the key and stores the pair in the appropriate index inside the collection. If the key exists then its value is updated with the new value. Some important characteristics of a HashMap are its capacity, its load factor and the threshold resizing.

Q20. What are the differences between wait() and sleep()?

  • Wait() is a method of Object class. Sleep() is a method of Thread class.
  • Sleep() allows the thread to go to sleep state for x milliseconds. When a thread goes into sleep state it doesn’t release the lock.
  • Wait() allows the thread to release the lock and go to suspended state. The thread is only active when a notify() or notifAll() method is called for the same object.

Q21. What are the uses of synchronized keywords?

Synchronized keyword can be applied to static/non-static methods or a block of code. Only one thread at a time can access synchronized methods and if there are multiple threads trying to access the same method then other threads have to wait for the execution of method by one thread. Synchronized keyword provides a lock on the object and thus prevents race condition.

Q22. What does the ‘static’ keyword mean? Is it possible to override private or static method in Java?

The static keyword denotes that a member variable or method can be accessed, without requiring an instantiation of the class to which it belongs. You cannot override static methods in Java, because method overriding is based upon dynamic binding at runtime and static methods are statically binded at compile time. A static method is not associated with any instance of a class, so the concept is not applicable.

Q23. What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value; neither primitives nor object references.

Q24. What is the importance of reflection in Java?

Reflection is a runtime API for inspecting and changing the behavior of methods, classes, and interfaces. Java Reflection is a powerful tool that can be really beneficial. Java Reflection allows you to analyze classes, interfaces, fields, and methods during runtime without knowing what they are called at compile time. Reflection can also be used to create new objects, call methods, and get/set field values. External, user-defined classes can be used by creating instances of extensibility objects with their fully-qualified names. Debuggers can also use reflection to examine private members of classes.

Q25. How to not allow serialization of attributes of a class in Java?

The Non-Serialized attribute can be used to prevent member variables from being serialized.
You should also make an object that potentially contains security-sensitive data non-serializable if possible. Apply the Non-Serialized attribute to certain fields that store sensitive data if the object must be serialized. If you don’t exclude these fields from serialization, the data they store will be visible to any programs with serialization permission.

Q26. Can you call a constructor of a class inside another constructor?

Yes, we can call a constructor of a class inside another constructor. This is also called as constructor chaining. Constructor chaining can be done in 2 ways-

  1. Within the same class: For constructors in the same class, the this() keyword can be used.
  2. From the base class: The super() keyword is used to call the constructor from the base class.
    The constructor chaining follows the process of inheritance. The constructor of the sub class first calls the constructor of the super class. Due to this, the creation of sub class’s object starts with the initialization of the data members of the super class. The constructor chaining works similarly with any number of classes. Every constructor keeps calling the chain till the top of the chain.

Q27. Write a Java program to reverse a string.

Here’s an example Java program that reverses a string:

 

import java.util.Scanner;

public class StringReversal {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        // Get the string from the user
        System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
        String input = scanner.nextLine();

        // Reverse the string
        String reversedString = reverseString(input);

        // Print the reversed string
        System.out.println("Reversed string: " + reversedString);
    }

    // Function to reverse a string
    public static String reverseString(String str) {
        StringBuilder reversed = new StringBuilder(str);
        reversed.reverse();
        return reversed.toString();
    }
}

This program prompts the user to enter a string. It then calls the `reverseString` function to reverse the string using the `reverse()` method of the `StringBuilder` class. The reversed string is then printed to the console.

Here’s a sample output of the program:

Enter a string: Hello, World!

Reversed string: !dlroW ,olleH

Q28. Contiguous memory locations are usually used for storing actual values in an array but not in ArrayList. Explain.

An array generally contains elements of the primitive data types such as int, float, etc. In such cases, the array directly stores these elements at contiguous memory locations. While an ArrayList does not contain primitive data types. An arrayList contains the reference of the objects at different memory locations instead of the object itself. That is why the objects are not stored at contiguous memory locations.

 

Q29. How is the creation of a String using new() different from that of a literal?
When we create a string using new(), a new object is created. Whereas, if we create a string using the string literal syntax, it may return an already existing object with the same name.

 

Q30. Why is synchronization necessary? Explain with the help of a relevant example.

Java allows multiple threads to execute. They may be accessing the same variable or object. Synchronization helps to execute threads one after another.
It is important as it helps to execute all concurrent threads while being in sync. It prevents memory consistency errors due to access to shared memory. An example of synchronization code is-

public synchronized void increment()
{
a++;
}

As we have synchronized this function, this thread can only use the object after the previous thread has used it.

Q31. Explain the term “Double Brace Initialization” in Java?

Double Brace Initialization is a Java term that refers to the combination of two independent processes. There are two braces used in this. The first brace creates an anonymous inner class. The second brace is an initialization block. When these both are used together, it is known as Double Brace Initialization. The inner class has a reference to the enclosing outer class, generally using the ‘this’ pointer. It is used to do both creation and initialization in a single statement. It is generally used to initialize collections. It reduces the code and also makes it more readable.

 

Q32. Why is it said that the length() method of String class doesn’t return accurate results?

The length() method of String class doesn’t return accurate results because
it simply takes into account the number of characters within in the String. In other words, code points outside of the BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane), that is, code points having a value of U+10000 or above, will be ignored.

The reason for this is historical. One of Java’s original goals was to consider all text as Unicode; yet, Unicode did not define code points outside of the BMP at the time. It was too late to modify char by the time Unicode specified such code points.

Q33. What are the differences between Heap and Stack Memory in Java?

The major difference between Heap and Stack memory are:

FeaturesStackHeap
MemoryStack memory is used only by one thread of execution.Heap memory is used by all the parts of the application.
AccessStack memory can’t be accessed by other threads.Objects stored in the heap are globally accessible.
Memory ManagementFollows LIFO manner to free memory.Memory management is based on the generation associated with each object.
LifetimeExists until the end of execution of the thread.Heap memory lives from the start till the end of application execution.
UsageStack memory only contains local primitive and reference variables to objects in heap space.Whenever an object is created, it’s always stored in the Heap space.

Q34. What is a package in Java? List down various advantages of packages.

Packages in Java, are the collection of related classes and interfaces which are bundled together. By using packages, developers can easily modularize the code and optimize its reuse. Also, the code within the packages can be imported by other classes and reused. Below I have listed down a few of its advantages:

  • Packages help in avoiding name clashes
  • They provide easier access control on the code
  • Packages can also contain hidden classes which are not visible to the outer classes and only used within the package
  • Creates a proper hierarchical structure which makes it easier to locate the related classes

Q35. Why pointers are not used in Java?

Java doesn’t use pointers because they are unsafe and increases the complexity of the program. Since, Java is known for its simplicity of code, adding the concept of pointers will be contradicting. Moreover, since JVM is responsible for implicit memory allocation, thus in order to avoid direct access to memory by the user,  pointers are discouraged in Java.

Q36. What is JIT compiler in Java?

JIT stands for Just-In-Time compiler in Java. It is a program that helps in converting the Java bytecode into instructions that are sent directly to the processor. By default, the JIT compiler is enabled in Java and is activated whenever a Java method is invoked. The JIT compiler then compiles the bytecode of the invoked method into native machine code, compiling it “just in time” to execute. Once the method has been compiled, the JVM summons the compiled code of that method directly rather than interpreting it. This is why it is often responsible for the performance optimization of Java applications at the run time.

Q37. What are access modifiers in Java?

In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to restrict the access of a class, constructor, data member and method in another class. Java supports four types of access modifiers:

  1. Default
  2. Private
  3. Protected
  4. Public
ModifierDefaultPrivateProtectedPublic
Same classYESYESYESYES
Same Package subclassYESNOYESYES
Same Package non-subclassYESNOYESYES
Different package subclassNONOYESYES
Different package non-subclassNONONOYES

Q38. Define a Java Class.

A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data.  A class contains fields (variables) and methods to describe the behavior of an object. Let’s have a look at the syntax of a class.

class Abc {
member variables // class body
methods}

Q39. What is an object in Java and how is it created?

An object is a real-world entity that has a state and behavior. An object has three characteristics:

  1. State
  2. Behavior
  3. Identity

An object is created using the ‘new’ keyword. For example:

ClassName obj = new ClassName();

Q40. What is Object Oriented Programming?

Object-oriented programming, or OOP, is a programming model or approach in which programs are organized around objects rather than logic and functions. In other words, OOP mainly focuses on the objects that need to be manipulated instead of logic. This approach is ideal for large and complex programs and needs to be actively updated or maintained.

Q41. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?

Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs is a programming style that is associated with concepts like:

  1. Inheritance: Inheritance is a process where one class acquires the properties of another.
  2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping up the data and code together as a single unit.
  3. Abstraction: Abstraction is the methodology of hiding the implementation details from the user and only providing the functionality to the users. 
  4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of a variable, function or object to take multiple forms.

Q42. What is the difference between a local variable and an instance variable?

In Java, a local variable is typically used inside a method, constructor, or a block and has only local scope. Thus, this variable can be used only within the scope of a block. The best benefit of having a local variable is that other methods in the class won’t be even aware of that variable.

Example

if(x > 100)
{
String test = "Edureka";
}

Whereas, an instance variable in Java, is a variable which is bounded to its object itself. These variables are declared within a class, but outside a method. Every object of that class will create it’s own copy of the variable while using it. Thus, any changes made to the variable won’t reflect in another instances of that class and will be bound to that particular instance only.

class Test{
public String EmpName;
public int empAge;
}

Q43. Differentiate between the constructors and methods in Java?

MethodsConstructors
1. Used to represent the behavior of an object1. Used to initialize the state of an object
2. Must have a return type2. Do not have any return type
3. Needs to be invoked explicitly3. Is invoked implicitly
4. No default method is provided by the compiler4. A default constructor is provided by the compiler if the class has none
5. Method name may or may not be same as class name5. Constructor name must always be the same as the class name

Q44. What is final keyword in Java?

final is a special keyword in Java that is used as a non-access modifier. A final variable can be used in different contexts such as:

  • final variable

When the final keyword is used with a variable then its value can’t be changed once assigned. In case the no value has been assigned to the final variable then using only the class constructor a value can be assigned to it.

  • final method

When a method is declared final then it can’t be overridden by the inheriting class.

  • final class

When a class is declared as final in Java, it can’t be extended by any subclass class but it can extend other class.

Q45. What is the difference between break and continue statements?

breakcontinue
1. Can be used in switch and loop (for, while, do while) statements1. Can be only used with loop statements
2. It causes the switch or loop statements to terminate the moment it is executed2. It doesn’t terminate the loop but causes the loop to jump to the next iteration
3. It terminates the innermost enclosing loop or switch immediately3. A continue within a loop nested with a switch will cause the next loop iteration to execute
Example break:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
if (i == 3)
{
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
Example continue:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
if(i == 2)
{
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

Q46. What is an infinite loop in Java? Explain with an example.

An infinite loop is an instruction sequence in Java that loops endlessly when a functional exit isn’t met. This type of loop can be the result of a programming error or may also be a deliberate action based on the application behavior. An infinite loop will terminate automatically once the application exits.

For example:

public class InfiniteForLoopDemo
{
public static void main(String[] arg) {
for(;;)
System.out.println("Welcome to Edureka!");
// To terminate this program press ctrl + c in the console.
}
}

 

Q47. What is the difference between this() and super() in Java?

In Java, super() and this(), both are special keywords that are used to call the constructor. 

this()super()
1. this() represents the current instance of a class1. super() represents the current instance of a parent/base class
2. Used to call the default constructor of the same class2. Used to call the default constructor of the parent/base class
3. Used to access methods of the current class3. Used to access methods of the base class
4.  Used for pointing the current class instance4. Used for pointing the superclass instance
5. Must be the first line of a block5. Must be the first line of a block

Q48. What is Java String Pool?

Java String pool refers to a collection of Strings which are stored in heap memory. In this, whenever a new object is created, String pool first checks whether the object is already present in the pool or not. If it is present, then the same reference is returned to the variable else new object will be created in the String pool and the respective reference will be returned.

String pool - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q49. Differentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

Static MethodNon-Static Method
1. The static keyword must be used before the method name1. No need to use the static keyword before the method name
2. It is called using the class (className.methodName) 2. It is can be called like any general method
3. They can’t access any non-static instance variables or methods3. It can access any static method and any static variable without creating an instance of the class

Q50. What is constructor chaining in Java?

In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from another with respect to the current object. Constructor chaining is possible only through legacy where a subclass constructor is responsible for invoking the superclass’ constructor first. There could be any number of classes in the constructor chain. Constructor chaining can be achieved in two ways:

  1. Within the same class using this()
  2. From base class using super()

Q51. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.

FactorStringStringBuilderStringBuffer
Storage AreaConstant String PoolHeap AreaHeap Area
MutabilityImmutableMutableMutable
Thread SafetyYesNoYes
PerformanceFastMore efficientLess efficient
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Q52. Why Java Strings are immutable in nature?

In Java, string objects are immutable in nature which simply means once the String object is created its state cannot be modified. Whenever you try to update the value of that object instead of updating the values of that particular object, Java creates a new string object. Java String objects are immutable as String objects are generally cached in the String pool. Since String literals are usually shared between multiple clients, action from one client might affect the rest. It enhances security, caching, synchronization, and performance of the application. 

Q53. What is the difference between an array and an array list?

ArrayArrayList
Cannot contain values of different data typesCan contain values of different data types.
Size must be defined at the time of declarationSize can be dynamically changed
Need to specify the index in order to add dataNo need to specify the index
Arrays are not type parameterizedArraylists are type 
Arrays can contain primitive data types as well as objectsArraylists can contain only objects, no primitive data types are allowed

Q54. What is a Map in Java?

In Java, Map is an interface of Util package which maps unique keys to values. The Map interface is not a subset of the main Collection interface and thus it behaves little different from the other collection types. Below are a few of the characteristics of Map interface: 

  1. Map doesn’t contain duplicate keys.
  2. Each key can map at max one value.

Q55. What is collection class in Java? List down its methods and interfaces.

In Java, the collection is a framework that acts as an architecture for storing and manipulating a group of objects. Using Collections you can perform various tasks like searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, deletion, etc. Java collection framework includes the following:

  • Interfaces
  • Classes
  • Methods

The below image shows the complete hierarchy of the Java Collection.

FrameworkHierarchy - Java Collections - Edureka

The above Java Interview questions for freshers are designed to gauge the basic understanding, familiarity, and practical skills with one of the world’s most popular programming languages. For those new to the Java landscape, preparation by understanding these key areas, practicing coding problems, and embracing the logic and philosophy of Java can make the journey into the professional world smoother and more rewarding. If you find our Java programming questions interesting, we would recommend you to check out Java Collection Interview Questions here!

Java OOPS Interview Questions

Q56. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is briefly described as “one interface, many implementations”. Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts – specifically, to allow an entity such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. There are two types of polymorphism:

  1. Compile time polymorphism
  2. Run time polymorphism

Compile time polymorphism is method overloading whereas Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface.

Q57. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Car {
void run()
{
System.out.println("Car is running"); 
}
}
class Audi extends Car {
void run()
{
System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely at 100km/h");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Car b= new Audi();    //upcasting
b.run();
}
}

Q58. What is abstraction in Java?

Abstraction refers to the quality of dealing with ideas rather than events. It basically deals with hiding the details and showing the essential things to the user. Thus you can say that abstraction in Java is the process of hiding the implementation details from the user and revealing only the functionality to them. Abstraction can be achieved in two ways:

  1. Abstract Classes (0-100% of abstraction can be achieved)
  2. Interfaces (100% of abstraction can be achieved)

Q59. What do you mean by an interface in Java?

An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class or you can say it is a collection of abstract methods and static constants. In an interface, each method is public and abstract but it does not contain any constructor. Thus, interface basically is a group of related methods with empty bodies. Example:

public interface Animal {
 public void eat();
 public void sleep();
 public void run();
}

Q60. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Abstract ClassInterfaces
An abstract class can provide complete, default code and/or just the details that have to be overriddenAn interface cannot provide any code at all, just the signature
In the case of an abstract class, a class may extend only one abstract classA Class may implement several interfaces
An abstract class can have non-abstract methodsAll methods of an Interface are abstract
An abstract class can have instance variablesAn Interface cannot have instance variables
An abstract class can have any visibility: public, private, protectedAn Interface visibility must be public (or) none
If we add a new method to an abstract class then we have the option of providing default implementation and therefore all the existing code might work properlyIf we add a new method to an Interface then we have to track down all the implementations of the interface and define implementation for the new method
An abstract class can contain constructorsAn Interface cannot contain constructors
Abstract classes are fastInterfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to find the corresponding method in the actual class

Q61. What is inheritance in Java?

Inheritance in Java is the concept where the properties of one class can be inherited by the other. It helps to reuse the code and establish a relationship between different classes. Inheritance is performed between two types of classes:

  1. Parent class (Super or Base class)
  2. Child class (Subclass or Derived class)

A class which inherits the properties is known as Child Class whereas a class whose properties are inherited is known as Parent class.

Q62. What are the different types of inheritance in Java?

Java supports four types of inheritance which are:

  1. Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, one class inherits the properties of another i.e there will be only one parent as well as one child class.
  2. Multilevel Inheritance: When a class is derived from a class which is also derived from another class, i.e. a class having more than one parent class but at different levels, such type of inheritance is called Multilevel Inheritance.
  3. Hierarchical Inheritance: When a class has more than one child classes (subclasses) or in other words, more than one child classes have the same parent class, then such kind of inheritance is known as hierarchical.
  4. Hybrid Inheritance: Hybrid inheritance is a combination of two or more types of inheritance.

Q63. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method Overloading :

  • In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but each method must have a different number of parameters or parameters having different types and order.
  • Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to the method’s behavior.
  • It is a compile-time polymorphism.
  • The methods must have a different signature.
  • It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Adder {
Static int add(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
}
Static double add( double a, double b)
{
return a+b;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(12.3,12.6));
}}

Method Overriding:  

  • In Method Overriding, the subclass has the same method with the same name and exactly the same number and type of parameters and same return type as a superclass.
  • Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of the method.
  • It is a run time polymorphism.
  • The methods must have the same signature.
  • It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.

Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Car {
void run(){
System.out.println("Car is running"); 
}
Class Audi extends Car{
void run()
{
System.out.prinltn("Audi is running safely at 100 km/h");
}
public static void main( String args[])
{
Car b=new Audi();
b.run();
}
}

Q64. Can you override a private or static method in Java?

You cannot override a private or static method in Java. If you create a similar method with the same return type and same method arguments in child class then it will hide the superclass method; this is known as method hiding. Similarly, you cannot override a private method in subclass because it’s not accessible there. What you can do is create another private method with the same name in the child class. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class Base {
private static void display() {
System.out.println("Static or class method from Base");
}
public void print() {
System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Base");
}
class Derived extends Base {
private static void display() {
System.out.println("Static or class method from Derived");
}
public void print() {
System.out.println("Non-static or instance method from Derived");
}
public class test {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Base obj= new Derived();
obj1.display();
obj1.print();
}
}

Q65. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?

MultipleInheritance - Java Interview Questions - EdurekaIf a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as multiple inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.

The problem with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent classes have the same method name, then at runtime it becomes difficult for the compiler to decide which method to execute from the child class.

Therefore, Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance. The problem is commonly referred to as Diamond Problem.

Q66. What is encapsulation in Java?

Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables) and code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is hidden from the outer world and can be accessed only via current class methods. This helps in protecting the data from any unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in Java by:

  • Declaring the variables of a class as private.
  • Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the values of the variables.

Q67. What is an association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. Let’s take the example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both have their own lifecycle. These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many.

Q68. What do you mean by aggregation?

An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not belong to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher can not belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher object will not destroy. 

Q69. What is composition in Java?

Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child object does not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms. House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room will automatically delete.

Q70. What is a marker interface?

In Java, a marker interface is an interface that does not declare any methods or fields. Its sole purpose is to mark or tag a class as having a certain characteristic or capability. By implementing a marker interface, a class indicates that it possesses specific behavior or qualifies for a particular treatment.

Marker interfaces are purely a convention and serve as a form of metadata. They provide a way for developers or frameworks to identify classes that meet certain criteria without requiring any additional methods or fields.

Some common examples of marker interfaces in Java include:

  1. Serializable: The Serializable interface is a marker interface that indicates a class can be serialized, allowing objects of that class to be converted into a byte stream for storage or transmission.
  2. Cloneable: The Cloneable interface is a marker interface that indicates a class can be cloned using the `clone()` method. Implementing this interface allows for creating a copy of an object.
  3. Remote: The Remote interface is a marker interface used in Java’s Remote Method Invocation (RMI) framework. It marks an interface that can be invoked remotely, enabling the execution of methods across different JVMs.

Marker interfaces can be useful in various scenarios, such as:

– Providing hints to the Java runtime or frameworks about special handling or optimizations for certain classes.

– Enabling conditional behavior based on the presence of a marker interface during runtime.

– Supporting integration with external libraries or frameworks that recognize and operate on marker interfaces.

It’s important to note that with the introduction of annotations in Java, the use of marker interfaces has become less common. Annotations offer a more flexible and expressive way to attach metadata to classes and methods. However, marker interfaces still have their place in certain contexts and are part of the Java language’s design and heritage.

Q71. What is object cloning in Java?

Object cloning in Java is the process of creating an exact copy of an object. It basically means the ability to create an object with a similar state as the original object. To achieve this, Java provides a method clone() to make use of this functionality. This method creates a new instance of the class of the current object and then initializes all its fields with the exact same contents of corresponding fields. To object clone(), the marker interface java.lang.Cloneable must be implemented to avoid any runtime exceptions. One thing you must note is Object clone() is a protected method, thus you need to override it.

Q72. What is a copy constructor in Java?

Copy constructor is a member function that is used to initialize an object using another object of the same class. Though there is no need for copy constructor in Java since all objects are passed by reference. Moreover, Java does not even support automatic pass-by-value.

Q73. What is a constructor overloading in Java?

In Java, constructor overloading is a technique of adding any number of constructors to a class each having a different parameter list. The compiler uses the number of parameters and their types in the list to differentiate the overloaded constructors.

class Demo
{
int i;
public Demo(int a)
{
i=k;
}
public Demo(int a, int b)
{
//body
}
}

Servlets Java Technical Interview Questions

Q74. What is a servlet?

  • Java Servlet is server-side technologies to extend the capability of web servers by providing support for dynamic response and data persistence.
  • The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages provide interfaces and classes for writing our own servlets.
  • All servlets must implement the javax.servlet.Servlet interface, which defines servlet lifecycle methods. When implementing a generic service, we can extend the GenericServlet class provided with the Java Servlet API. The HttpServlet class provides methods, such as doGet() and doPost(), for handling HTTP-specific services.
  • Most of the times, web applications are accessed using HTTP protocol and thats why we mostly extend HttpServlet class. Servlet API hierarchy is shown in below image.

Servlet - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q75. What are the differences between Get and Post methods?

GetPost
Limited amount of data can be sent because data is sent in header.Large amount of data can be sent because data is sent in body.
 Not Secured because data is exposed in URL bar. Secured because data is not exposed in URL bar.
 Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked
 Idempotent Non-Idempotent
 It is more efficient and used than Post It is less efficient and used

Q76. What is Request Dispatcher?

RequestDispatcher interface is used to forward the request to another resource that can be HTML, JSP or another servlet in same application. We can also use this to include the content of another resource to the response.

There are two methods defined in this interface:

1.void forward()

2.void include()

ForwardMethod - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

IncludeMethod - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q77. What are the differences between forward() method and sendRedirect() methods?

forward() methodSendRedirect() method
forward() sends the same request to another resource.sendRedirect() method sends new request always because it uses the URL bar of the browser.
 forward() method works at server side. sendRedirect() method works at client side.
 forward() method works within the server only.sendRedirect() method works within and outside the server.

Q78. What is the life-cycle of a servlet?

There are 5 stages in the lifecycle of a servlet:LifeCycleServlet - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

  1. Servlet is loaded
  2. Servlet is instantiated
  3. Servlet is initialized
  4. Service the request
  5. Servlet is destroyed

Q79. How does cookies work in Servlets?

  • Cookies are text data sent by server to the client and it gets saved at the client local machine.
  • Servlet API provides cookies support through javax.servlet.http.Cookie class that implements Serializable and Cloneable interfaces.
  • HttpServletRequest getCookies() method is provided to get the array of Cookies from request, since there is no point of adding Cookie to request, there are no methods to set or add cookie to request.
  • Similarly HttpServletResponse addCookie(Cookie c) method is provided to attach cookie in response header, there are no getter methods for cookie.

Q80. What are the differences between ServletContext vs ServletConfig?

The difference between ServletContext and ServletConfig in Servlets JSP is in below tabular format.

ServletConfigServletContext
Servlet config object represent single servletIt represent whole web application running on particular JVM and common for all the servlet
Its like local parameter associated with particular servletIts like global parameter associated with whole application
It’s a name value pair defined inside the servlet section of web.xml file so it has servlet wide scopeServletContext has application wide scope so define outside of servlet tag in web.xml file.
getServletConfig() method is used to get the config objectgetServletContext() method is  used to get the context object.
for example shopping cart of a user is a specific to particular user so here we can use servlet configTo get the MIME type of a file or application session related information is stored using servlet context object.

Q81. What are the different methods of session management in servlets?

Session is a conversational state between client and server and it can consists of multiple request and response between client and server. Since HTTP and Web Server both are stateless, the only way to maintain a session is when some unique information about the session (session id) is passed between server and client in every request and response.

Some of the common ways of session management in servlets are:

  1. User Authentication
  2. HTML Hidden Field
  3. Cookies
  4. URL Rewriting
  5. Session Management API

SessionManagement - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

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JDBC – Java Basic Interview Questions 

Q82. What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

  1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
  2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
  3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
  4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

Q83. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?

  • Registering the driver class
  • Creating connection
  • Creating statement
  • Executing queries
  • Closing connection

Q84. What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

  • Connection
  • Statement
  • PreparedStatement
  • ResultSet
  • ResultSetMetaData
  • DatabaseMetaData
  • CallableStatement etc.

Classes:

  • DriverManager
  • Blob
  • Clob
  • Types
  • SQLException etc.

Q85. What is the role of JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class manages the registered drivers. It can be used to register and unregister drivers. It provides factory method that returns the instance of Connection.

Q86. What is JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction management. It provides factory methods that returns the instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement and DatabaseMetaData.

ConnectionInterface - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q87.  What is the purpose of JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get the information from the database.

Q88. What is JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as total number of columns, column name, column type etc.

Q89. What is JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views etc.

Q90. What do you mean by batch processing in JDBC?

Batch processing helps you to group related SQL statements into a batch and execute them instead of executing a single query. By using batch processing technique in JDBC, you can execute multiple queries which makes the performance faster.

Q91. What is the difference between execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate?

Statement execute(String query) is used to execute any SQL query and it returns TRUE if the result is an ResultSet such as running Select queries. The output is FALSE when there is no ResultSet object such as running Insert or Update queries. We can use getResultSet() to get the ResultSet and getUpdateCount() method to retrieve the update count.

Statement executeQuery(String query) is used to execute Select queries and returns the ResultSet. ResultSet returned is never null even if there are no records matching the query. When executing select queries we should use executeQuery method so that if someone tries to execute insert/update statement it will throw java.sql.SQLException with message “executeQuery method can not be used for update”.

Statement executeUpdate(String query) is used to execute Insert/Update/Delete (DML) statements or DDL statements that returns nothing. The output is int and equals to the row count for SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements. For DDL statements, the output is 0.

You should use execute() method only when you are not sure about the type of statement else use executeQuery or executeUpdate method.

Q92. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?

JDBC statements are basically the statements which are used to send SQL commands to the database and retrieve data back from the database. Various methods like execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. are provided by JDBC to interact with the database.

JDBC supports 3 types of statements:

  1. Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and executes a static SQL query at runtime.
  2. PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query during execution.
  3. CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures and helps in accepting runtime parameters.

Spring Framework Java Interview Questions 

Q93. What is Spring?

Wikipedia defines the Spring framework as “an application framework and inversion of control container for the Java platform. The framework’s core features can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform.” Spring is essentially a lightweight, integrated framework that can be used for developing enterprise applications in java.

Q94. Name the different modules of the Spring framework.

Some of the important Spring Framework modules are:

  • Spring Context – for dependency injection.
  • Spring AOP – for aspect oriented programming.
  • Spring DAO – for database operations using DAO pattern
  • Spring JDBC – for JDBC and DataSource support.
  • Spring ORM – for ORM tools support such as Hibernate
  • Spring Web Module – for creating web applications.
  • Spring MVC – Model-View-Controller implementation for creating web applications, web services etc.

SpringFramework - Java Interview Questions - EdurekaQ95. List some of the important annotations in annotation-based Spring configuration.

The important annotations are:

  • @Required
  • @Autowired
  • @Qualifier
  • @Resource
  • @PostConstruct
  • @PreDestroy

Q96. Explain Bean in Spring and List the different Scopes of Spring bean.

Beans are objects that form the backbone of a Spring application. They are managed by the Spring IoC container. In other words, a bean is an object that is instantiated, assembled, and managed by a Spring IoC container.

There are five Scopes defined in Spring beans.

SpringBean - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

  • Singleton: Only one instance of the bean will be created for each container. This is the default scope for the spring beans. While using this scope, make sure spring bean doesn’t have shared instance variables otherwise it might lead to data inconsistency issues because it’s not thread-safe.
  • Prototype: A new instance will be created every time the bean is requested.
  • Request: This is same as prototype scope, however it’s meant to be used for web applications. A new instance of the bean will be created for each HTTP request.
  • Session: A new bean will be created for each HTTP session by the container.
  • Global-session: This is used to create global session beans for Portlet applications.

Q97. How we can set the spring bean scope? And what supported scopes does it have?

In Spring framework, the scope of a bean determines the lifecycle and visibility of the bean instance within the container. You can set the scope of a Spring bean using the `@Scope` annotation or the XML configuration.

To set the scope using the `@Scope` annotation, you can specify it on the bean class or the bean definition method within a configuration class. Here’s an example:

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;

@Configuration
public class MyConfig {

    @Bean
    @Scope("singleton")
    public MyBean singletonBean() {
        return new MyBean();
    8

    @Bean
    @Scope("prototype")
    public MyBean prototypeBean() {
        return new MyBean();
    }
}

In this example, the `singletonBean` method is annotated with `@Scope(“singleton”)`, indicating that the bean will have a singleton scope. The `prototypeBean` method is annotated with `@Scope(“prototype”)`, specifying a prototype scope.

Alternatively, you can configure bean scopes using XML configuration. Here’s an example:

<bean id="singletonBean" class="com.example.MyBean" scope="singleton">
<bean id="prototypeBean" class="com.example.MyBean" scope="prototype">

The supported bean scopes in Spring are:

  1. Singleton (default): Only one instance of the bean is created per Spring container. It is cached and reused for subsequent requests.
  2. Prototype: A new instance of the bean is created every time it is requested.
  3. Request: A new instance of the bean is created for each HTTP request in a web application context.
  4. Session: A new instance of the bean is created for each HTTP session in a web application context.
  5. Global session: Similar to the session scope, but used in a Portlet context (not commonly used).
  6. Application: A single instance of the bean is created per ServletContext in a web application context (not commonly used).
  7. Websocket: A new instance of the bean is created for each WebSocket connection in a web application context.

Note that the availability of certain scopes depends on the type of application context you are using (e.g., web application context).

Q98. Explain the role of DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener.

DispatcherServlet is basically the front controller in the Spring MVC application as it loads the spring bean configuration file and initializes all the beans that have been configured. If annotations are enabled, it also scans the packages to configure any bean annotated with @Component, @Controller, @Repository or @Service annotations.

DispatcherServlet - Java Interview Questions - EdurekaContextLoaderListener, on the other hand, is the listener to start up and shut down the WebApplicationContext in Spring root. Some of its important functions includes tying up the lifecycle of Application Context to the lifecycle of the ServletContext and automating the creation of ApplicationContext.

ContextLoader - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q99. What is the best way to inject dependency? Also, state the reason

The best way to inject dependencies in an application is through constructor injection. Constructor injection involves passing dependencies as parameters to a class’s constructor. Here are the reasons why constructor injection is considered the best approach:

  1. Explicit dependencies: Constructor injection makes dependencies explicit, as they are clearly defined as constructor parameters. This improves code readability and makes it easier to understand the class’s dependencies.
  1. Compile-time safety: With constructor injection, dependencies are resolved at compile-time rather than runtime. This allows for early detection of missing or incorrect dependencies, reducing the chances of runtime errors.
  1. Testability: Constructor injection facilitates easy testing of classes by allowing for the injection of mock or stub dependencies during unit testing. By providing test doubles through the constructor, you can isolate the class under test and verify its behavior without relying on real dependencies.
  1. Immutability: Constructor injection promotes immutability as dependencies can be declared as final or read-only. Immutable objects are generally easier to reason about and less prone to bugs related to state changes.
  1. Dependency inversion principle: Constructor injection adheres to the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) of the SOLID principles. DIP states that high-level modules should not depend on low-level modules, but both should depend on abstractions. Constructor injection allows for the injection of abstractions rather than concrete implementations, enabling flexibility and loose coupling between classes.

While other dependency injection techniques like setter injection and field injection exist, they have certain drawbacks compared to constructor injection. Setter injection can lead to optional dependencies or unexpected null values, while field injection tightly couples classes and makes it harder to identify dependencies. Hence, constructor injection is generally recommended as the best way to inject dependencies.

Q100. What are the differences between constructor injection and setter injection?

No.Constructor InjectionSetter Injection
 1) No Partial Injection Partial Injection
 2) Doesn’t override the setter property Overrides the constructor property if both are defined.
 3)Creates a new instance if any modification occursDoesn’t create a new instance if you change the property value
 4)  Better for too many properties Better for a few properties.

Q101. What is autowiring in Spring? What are the autowiring modes?

Autowiring enables the programmer to inject the bean automatically. We don’t need to write explicit injection logic. Let’s see the code to inject bean using dependency injection.

  1. <bean id=“emp” class=“com.javatpoint.Employee” autowire=“byName” />  

The autowiring modes are given below:

No.ModeDescription
 1) no this is the default mode, it means autowiring is not enabled.
 2) byName Injects the bean based on the property name. It uses setter method.
 3) byType Injects the bean based on the property type. It uses setter method.
 4) constructor It injects the bean using constructor

Q102. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

Spring MVC Framework provides the following ways to help us achieving robust exception handling.

Controller Based:

We can define exception handler methods in our controller classes. All we need is to annotate these methods with @ExceptionHandler annotation.

Global Exception Handler:

Exception Handling is a cross-cutting concern and Spring provides @ControllerAdvice annotation that we can use with any class to define our global exception handler.

HandlerExceptionResolver implementation:

For generic exceptions, most of the times we serve static pages. Spring Framework provides HandlerExceptionResolver interface that we can implement to create global exception handler. The reason behind this additional way to define global exception handler is that Spring framework also provides default implementation classes that we can define in our spring bean configuration file to get spring framework exception handling benefits.

Q103. What are some of the important Spring annotations which you have used?

Some of the Spring annotations that I have used in my project are:

@Controller – for controller classes in Spring MVC project.

@RequestMapping – for configuring URI mapping in controller handler methods. This is a very important annotation, so you should go through Spring MVC RequestMapping Annotation Examples

@ResponseBody – for sending Object as response, usually for sending XML or JSON data as response.

@PathVariable – for mapping dynamic values from the URI to handler method arguments.

@Autowired – for autowiring dependencies in spring beans.

@Qualifier – with @Autowired annotation to avoid confusion when multiple instances of bean type is present.

@Service – for service classes.

@Scope – for configuring the scope of the spring bean.

@Configuration, @ComponentScan and @Bean – for java based configurations.

AspectJ annotations for configuring aspects and advices , @Aspect, @Before, @After, @Around, @Pointcut, etc.

Check out JavaScript Interview Questions as well.

Q104. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

We can use Spring ORM module to integrate Spring and Hibernate frameworks if you are using Hibernate 3+ where SessionFactory provides current session, then you should avoid using HibernateTemplate or HibernateDaoSupport classes and better to use DAO pattern with dependency injection for the integration.

Also, Spring ORM provides support for using Spring declarative transaction management, so you should utilize that rather than going for hibernate boiler-plate code for transaction management.

Q105. Name the types of transaction management that Spring supports.

Two types of transaction management are supported by Spring. They are:

  1. Programmatic transaction management: In this, the transaction is managed with the help of programming. It provides you extreme flexibility, but it is very difficult to maintain.
  2. Declarative transaction management: In this, transaction management is separated from the business code. Only annotations or XML based configurations are used to manage the transactions.

Hibernate – Java Interview Questions for Experienced Professionals

Q106. What is Hibernate Framework?

Object-relational mapping or ORM is the programming technique to map application domain model objects to the relational database tables. Hibernate is Java-based ORM tool that provides a framework for mapping application domain objects to the relational database tables and vice versa.

Hibernate provides a reference implementation of Java Persistence API, that makes it a great choice as ORM tool with benefits of loose coupling. We can use the Hibernate persistence API for CRUD operations. Hibernate framework provide option to map plain old java objects to traditional database tables with the use of JPA annotations as well as XML based configuration.

Similarly, hibernate configurations are flexible and can be done from XML configuration file as well as programmatically.

Q107. What are the important benefits of using Hibernate Framework?

Some of the important benefits of using hibernate framework are:

  1. Hibernate eliminates all the boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC and takes care of managing resources, so we can focus on business logic.
  2. Hibernate framework provides support for XML as well as JPA annotations, that makes our code implementation independent.
  3. Hibernate provides a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar to SQL. However, HQL is fully object-oriented and understands concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and association.
  4. Hibernate is an open source project from Red Hat Community and used worldwide. This makes it a better choice than others because learning curve is small and there are tons of online documentation and help is easily available in forums.
  5. Hibernate is easy to integrate with other Java EE frameworks, it’s so popular that Spring Framework provides built-in support for integrating hibernate with Spring applications.
  6. Hibernate supports lazy initialization using proxy objects and perform actual database queries only when it’s required.
  7. Hibernate cache helps us in getting better performance.
  8. For database vendor specific feature, hibernate is suitable because we can also execute native sql queries.

Overall hibernate is the best choice in current market for ORM tool, it contains all the features that you will ever need in an ORM tool.

Q108. Explain Hibernate architecture.

Hibernate has a layered architecture which helps the user to operate without having to know the underlying APIs. Hibernate makes use of the database and configuration data to provide persistence services (and persistent objects) to the application. It includes many objects such as persistent object, session factory, transaction factory, connection factory, session, transaction etc.HibernateArchitecture - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

The Hibernate architecture is categorized in four layers.

  • Java application layer
  • Hibernate framework layer
  • Backhand API layer
  • Database layer

Q109. What are the differences between get and load methods?

The differences between get() and load() methods are given below.

No.get()load()
 1) Returns null if object is not found.Throws ObjectNotFoundException if an object is not found.
 2) get() method always hit the database. load() method doesn’t hit the database.
 3) It returns a real object, not a proxy. It returns a proxy object.
 4)It should be used if you are not sure about the existence of instance.It should be used if you are sure that the instance exists.

Q103. What are the advantages of Hibernate over JDBC?

Some of the important advantages of Hibernate framework over JDBC are:

  1. Hibernate removes a lot of boiler-plate code that comes with JDBC API, the code looks cleaner and readable.
  2. Hibernate supports inheritance, associations, and collections. These features are not present with JDBC API.
  3. Hibernate implicitly provides transaction management, in fact, most of the queries can’t be executed outside transaction. In JDBC API, we need to write code for transaction management using commit and rollback. 
  4. JDBC API throws SQLException that is a checked exception, so we need to write a lot of try-catch block code. Most of the times it’s redundant in every JDBC call and used for transaction management. Hibernate wraps JDBC exceptions and throw JDBCException or HibernateException un-checked exception, so we don’t need to write code to handle it. Hibernate built-in transaction management removes the usage of try-catch blocks.
  5. Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is more object-oriented and close to Java programming language. For JDBC, we need to write native SQL queries.
  6. Hibernate supports caching that is better for performance, JDBC queries are not cached hence performance is low.
  7. Hibernate provides option through which we can create database tables too, for JDBC tables must exist in the database.
  8. Hibernate configuration helps us in using JDBC like connection as well as JNDI DataSource for the connection pool. This is a very important feature in enterprise application and completely missing in JDBC API.
  9. Hibernate supports JPA annotations, so the code is independent of the implementation and easily replaceable with other ORM tools. JDBC code is very tightly coupled with the application.

JSP – Core Java Interview Questions

Q110. What are the life-cycle methods for a jsp?

MethodsDescription
 public void jspInit()It is invoked only once, same as init method of servlet.
public void _jspService(ServletRequest request,ServletResponse)throws ServletException,IOExceptionIt is invoked at each request, same as service() method of servlet.
 public void jspDestroy()It is invoked only once, same as destroy() method of servlet.

Q111. What are the JSP implicit objects?

JSP provides 9 implicit objects by default. They are as follows:

ObjectType
1) out JspWriter
2) request HttpServletRequest
3) response HttpServletResponse
4) config ServletConfig
5) session HttpSession
6) application ServletContext
7) pageContext PageContext
8) page Object
9) exception Throwable

Q112. What are the differences between include directive and include action?

include directiveinclude action
The include directive includes the content at page translation time.The include action includes the content at request time.
The include directive includes the original content of the page so page size increases at runtime.The include action doesn’t include the original content rather invokes the include() method of Vendor provided class.
 It’s better for static pages. It’s better for dynamic pages.

Q113. How to disable caching on back button of the browser?

&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;%
response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-store");
response.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
response.setHeader("Expires", "0"); // Prevents caching at the proxy server
%&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;

Q114. What are the different tags provided in JSTL?

There are 5 type of JSTL tags.

  1. core tags
  2. sql tags
  3. xml tags
  4. internationalization tags
  5. functions tags

Q115. How to disable session in JSP?

  1. <%@ page session=“false” %>

Q116.  How to delete a Cookie in a JSP?

The following code explains how to delete a Cookie in a JSP :

Cookie mycook = new Cookie("name1","value1");

response.addCookie(mycook1);

Cookie killmycook = new Cookie("mycook1","value1");

killmycook . set MaxAge ( 0 );

killmycook . set Path ("/");

killmycook . addCookie ( killmycook 1 );

Q117. Explain the jspDestroy() method.

jspDestry() method is invoked from javax.servlet.jsp.JspPage interface whenever a JSP page is about to be destroyed. Servlets destroy methods can be easily overridden to perform cleanup, like when closing a database connection.

Q118.  How is JSP better than Servlet technology?

JSP is a technology on the server’s side to make content generation simple. They are document-centric, whereas servlets are programs. A Java server page can contain fragments of Java program, which execute and instantiate Java classes. However, they occur inside an HTML template file. It provides the framework for the development of a Web Application.

Q119. What are the different categories of Java Design patterns?

Java Design patterns can be broadly categorized into three main categories: creational patterns, structural patterns, and behavioral patterns. Let’s explore each category in more detail:

  1. Creational Patterns: These patterns deal with object creation mechanisms, providing ways to create objects in a flexible and reusable manner. Some common creational patterns include:

   – Singleton: Ensures that only one instance of a class is created and provides a global point of access to it.

   – Factory Method: Defines an interface for creating objects, but lets subclasses decide which class to instantiate.

   – Abstract Factory: Provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes.

  1. Structural Patterns: These patterns focus on the composition of classes and objects, defining how they can be structured to form larger structures while keeping the system flexible and efficient. Some examples of structural patterns include:

   – Adapter: Converts the interface of a class into another interface that clients expect.

   – Decorator: Dynamically adds new behaviors or responsibilities to an object.

   – Composite: Treats a group of objects as a single object, allowing clients to treat individual objects and compositions uniformly.

  1. Behavioral Patterns: These patterns address the interaction and communication between objects, defining how they collaborate and fulfill their responsibilities. Some common behavioral patterns are:

   – Observer: Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.

   – Strategy: Defines a family of algorithms, encapsulates each one, and makes them interchangeable at runtime.

   – Command: Encapsulates a request as an object, allowing you to parameterize clients with queues, requests, and operations.

These divisions offer a methodical approach to categorize and comprehend many Java design patterns. It is noteworthy that certain design patterns might fall into more than one category or have variants and combinations, and that these categories are not exclusive of one another. Other design patterns that fall outside of these categories include concurrency patterns and architectural patterns, both of which are applicable to Java programming.

Q120. Why should we not configure JSP standard tags in web.xml?

We don’t need to configure JSP standard tags in web.xml because when container loads the web application and find TLD files, it automatically configures them to be used directly in the application JSP pages. We just need to include it in the JSP page using taglib directive.

Q121. How will you use JSP EL in order to get the HTTP method name?

Using pageContext JSP EL implicit object you can get the request object reference and make use of the dot operator to retrieve the HTTP method name in the JSP page. The JSP EL code for this purpose will look like ${pageContext.request.method}.

 Exception and Thread Java Interview Questions for Experienced Professionals

Q122. What is the difference between Error and Exception?

An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. These JVM errors you cannot repair them at runtime. Though error can be caught in the catch block but the execution of application will come to a halt and is not recoverable.

While exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or human error etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving the user feedback for entering proper values etc.

Q123. How can you handle Java exceptions?

There are five keywords used to handle exceptions in Java: 

  1. try
  2. catch
  3. finally
  4. throw
  5. throws

Q124. What are the differences between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

Checked Exception

  • The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions. 
  • Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.
  • Example: IOException, SQLException etc.

Unchecked Exception

  • The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions. 
  • Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
  • Example: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException etc.

Q125. What are the different ways of thread usage?

There are two ways to create a thread:

  • Extending Thread class

This creates a thread by creating an instance of a new class that extends the Thread class. The extending class must override the run() function, which is the thread’s entry point.

  • Implementing Runnable interface

This is the easiest way to create a thread, by creating a class that implements the runnable interface. After implementing the runnable interface, the class must implement the public void run() method ()

The run() method creates a parallel thread in your programme. When run() returns, the thread will come to an end.

The run() method creates a parallel thread in your programme. When run() returns, the thread will come to an end.

Within the run() method, you must specify the thread’s code.

Like any other method, the run() method can call other methods, use other classes, and define variables.

Q126. Java works as “pass by value” or “pass by reference” phenomenon?

Java is always pass-by-value. This means that it creates a copy of the contents of the parameter in memory. In Java, object variables always refer to the memory heap’s real object.

Q126. Will the finally block get executed when the return statement is written at the end of try block and catch block as shown below?

The finally block always gets executed even hen the return statement is written at the end of the try block and the catch block. It always executes , whether there is an exception or not. There are only a few situations in which the finally block does not execute, such as VM crash, power failure, software crash, etc. If you don’t want to execute the finally block, you need to call the System.exit() method explicitly in the finally block.

 

Q127. How does an exception propagate in the code?

If an exception is not caught, it is thrown from the top of the stack and falls down the call stack to the previous procedure. If the exception isn’t caught there, it falls back to the previous function, and so on, until it’s caught or the call stack reaches the bottom. The term for this is Exception propagation.

 

Q128. Can you explain the Java thread lifecycle?

The java thread lifecycle has the following states-

New-

When a thread is created, and before the program starts the thread, it is in the new state. It is also referred to as a born thread.

 Runnable

When a thread is started, it is in the Runnable state. In this state, the thread is executing its task.

Waiting

Sometimes, a thread goes to the waiting state, where it remains idle because another thread is executing. When the other thread has finished, the waiting thread again comes into the running state.

Timed Waiting

In timed waiting, the thread goes to waiting state. But, it remains in waiting state for only a specified interval of time after which it starts executing.It remains waiting either till the time interval ends or till the other thread has finished.

Terminated

A thread is said to be in this state once it terminates. It may be because the thread has completed its task or due to any other reason.

Q129. What purpose do the keywords final, finally, and finalize fulfill? 

Final:

Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. A final class can’t be inherited, final method can’t be overridden and final variable value can’t be changed. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class FinalVarExample {
public static void main( String args[])
{
final int a=10;   // Final variable
a=50;             //Error as value can't be changed
}

Finally

Finally is used to place important code, it will be executed whether the exception is handled or not. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class FinallyExample {
public static void main(String args[]){
try {
int x=100;
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
finally {
System.out.println("finally block is executing");}
}}
}

Finalize

Finalize is used to perform clean up processing just before the object is garbage collected. Let’s take a look at the example below to understand it better.

class FinalizeExample {
public void finalize() {
System.out.println("Finalize is called");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
FinalizeExample f1=new FinalizeExample();
FinalizeExample f2=new FinalizeExample();
f1= NULL;
f2=NULL;
System.gc();
}
}

Q130. What are the differences between throw and throws? 

throw keywordthrows keyword
Throw is used to explicitly throw an exception.Throws is used to declare an exception.
Checked exceptions can not be propagated with throw only.Checked exception can be propagated with throws.
Throw is followed by an instance.Throws is followed by class.
Throw is used within the method.Throws is used with the method signature.
You cannot throw multiple exceptionYou can declare multiple exception e.g. public void method()throws IOException,SQLException.

Q131. What is exception hierarchy in java?

The hierarchy is as follows:

Throwable is a parent class of all Exception classes. There are two types of Exceptions: Checked exceptions and UncheckedExceptions or RunTimeExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class whereas errors are further classified into Virtual Machine error and Assertion error.

ExceptionHierarchy - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q132. How to create a custom Exception?

To create you own exception extend the Exception class or any of its subclasses.

  • class New1Exception extends Exception { }               // this will create Checked Exception
  • class NewException extends IOException { }             // this will create Checked exception
  • class NewException extends NullPonterExcpetion { }  // this will create UnChecked exception

Q133. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Exception and all of it’s subclasses doesn’t provide any specific methods and all of the methods are defined in the base class Throwable.

  1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String of Throwable and the message can be provided while creating the exception through it’s constructor.
  2. String getLocalizedMessage() – This method is provided so that subclasses can override it to provide locale specific message to the calling program. Throwable class implementation of this method simply use getMessage() method to return the exception message.
  3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id the cause is unknown.
  4. String toString() – This method returns the information about Throwable in String format, the returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
  5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream, this method is overloaded and we can pass PrintStream or PrintWriter as an argument to write the stack trace information to the file or stream.

Q134. What are the differences between processes and threads?

PointsProcessThread
DefinitionAn executing instance of a program is called a process.A thread is a subset of the process.
CommunicationProcesses must use inter-process communication to communicate with sibling processes.Threads can directly communicate with other threads of its process.
ControlProcesses can only exercise control over child processes.Threads can exercise considerable control over threads of the same process.
ChangesAny change in the parent process does not affect child processes.Any change in the main thread may affect the behavior of the other threads of the process.
MemoryRun in separate memory spaces.Run in shared memory spaces.
Controlled byProcess is controlled by the operating system.Threads are controlled by programmer in a program.
DependenceProcesses are independent.Threads are dependent.

Q135. What is a finally block? Is there a case when finally will not execute?

Finally block is a block which always executes a set of statements. It is always associated with a try block regardless of any exception that occurs or not. 
Yes, finally will not be executed if the program exits either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort.

Q136. What is synchronization?

Synchronization refers to multi-threading. A synchronized block of code can be executed by only one thread at a time. As Java supports execution of multiple threads, two or more threads may access the same fields or objects. Synchronization is a process which keeps all concurrent threads in execution to be in sync. Synchronization avoids memory consistency errors caused due to inconsistent view of shared memory. When a method is declared as synchronized the thread holds the monitor for that method’s object. If another thread is executing the synchronized method the thread is blocked until that thread releases the monitor. 

Synchronization - Java Interview Questions - Edureka

Q137. Can we write multiple catch blocks under single try block? 

Yes we can have multiple catch blocks under single try block but the approach should be from specific to general. Let’s understand this with a programmatic example.


public class Example {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int a[]= new int[10];
a[10]= 10/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Arithmetic exception in first catch block");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("Array index out of bounds in second catch block");
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Any exception in third catch block");
}
}

Q133. What are the important methods of Java Exception Class?

Methods are defined in the base class Throwable. Some of the important methods of Java exception class are stated below. 

  1. String getMessage() – This method returns the message String about the exception. The message can be provided through its constructor.
  2. public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() – This method returns an array containing each element on the stack trace. The element at index 0 represents the top of the call stack whereas the last element in the array represents the method at the bottom of the call stack.
  3. Synchronized Throwable getCause() – This method returns the cause of the exception or null id as represented by a Throwable object.

  4. String toString() – This method returns the information in String format. The returned String contains the name of Throwable class and localized message.
  5. void printStackTrace() – This method prints the stack trace information to the standard error stream. 

Q138. What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?

OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs when our JVM runs out of memory.

Q139. What is a Thread?

A thread is the smallest piece of programmed instructions which can be executed independently by a scheduler. In Java, all the programs will have at least one thread which is known as the main thread. This main thread is created by the JVM when the program starts its execution. The main thread is used to invoke the main() of the program.

Q140. What are the two ways to create a thread?

In Java, threads can be created in the following two ways:- 

  • By implementing the Runnable interface.
  • By extending the Thread

Q141. Why does the java array index start with 0?

The decision to start array indexing from 0 in Java (and many other programming languages) is rooted in the design and implementation of these languages.

Imagine you have a list of items, like a grocery shopping list. In Java, when you store those items in an array (a container to hold multiple values), the first item in the list is referred to as item 0, the second item as item 1, and so on. The numbering starts from 0 instead of 1.

There are a few reasons for this. First, it helps keep things consistent and predictable. By starting from 0, it forms a clear pattern where each item’s position corresponds directly to its index. It’s like counting how many steps you take to reach a certain item, where the first step is step 0.

Another reason is that starting from 0 simplifies how arrays are stored in computer memory. It allows for efficient calculations and direct access to the memory location where an item is stored.

Finally, many programming languages, including Java, follow this convention because it’s familiar to developers who have worked with other languages like C and C++. It helps with compatibility and makes it easier to understand and share code across different languages.

So, while it might seem a bit unusual at first, starting array indexing from 0 is a convention that has been widely adopted in programming languages to provide simplicity, consistency, and efficiency.

Q142. What are the different types of garbage collectors in Java?

Garbage collection in Java a program which helps in implicit memory management. Since in Java, using the new keyword you can create objects dynamically, which once created will consume some memory. Once the job is done and there are no more references left to the object, Java using garbage collection destroys the object and relieves the memory occupied by it. Java provides four types of garbage collectors:

  • Serial Garbage Collector
  • Parallel Garbage Collector
  • CMS Garbage Collector
  • G1 Garbage Collector

Java Coding Interview Questions

Q143. Write a Java program to print a Fibonacci sequence using recursion.

If you want to write a Java program to generate the Fibonacci series using recursion, you’ll need to create a method that can call itself to figure out the next number in the series. Here’s a simple example:


public class Fibonacci {

&nbsp;

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n = 10; // Number of elements in Fibonacci series

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

System.out.print(fibonacci(i) + " ");

}

}

&nbsp;

public static int fibonacci(int n) {

if (n <= 1) {

return n;

}

return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);

}

}

In this program:

  • The main method sets the number of elements to be printed in the Fibonacci series (in this case, 10).
  • The fibonacci method is a recursive method that calculates the nth number in the Fibonacci series.
    • If n is 0 or 1, it returns n itself as per the Fibonacci series definition.
    • Otherwise, it calls itself with the values n – 1 and n – 2, and sums up their results.

When you run this program, it’ll display the initial 10 numbers from the Fibonacci sequence. If you want to print a different number of elements, you can tweak the value of n in the main method. Just keep in mind, this recursive method isn’t the best choice for large n values because it recalculates the same values repeatedly. For bigger series, it’s better to use an iterative approach or memorization.

Q144. Write a Java program to count the number of digits in a number.

If you want to create a Java program that tallies up the digits in a number, you can follow a straightforward approach. Start by repeatedly dividing the number by 10 until it reaches zero. Each time you divide, you essentially discard one digit from the number. By keeping track of how many times you’ve divided, you’ll know how many digits were originally in the number. Here’s an example implementation:


<span>public class DigitCounter {</span>

<span>    public static void main(String[] args) {</span>

<span>        int number = 123456; // Example number</span>

<span>        int count = 0;</span>

<span>        while (number != 0) {</span>

<span>            number /= 10;  // Remove the last digit</span>

<span>            count++;       // Increment the count</span>

<span>        }</span>

<span>        System.out.println("Number of digits: " + count);</span>

<span>    }</span>

<span>}</span>

<span> 

.

In this program:

  • number is the variable that holds the number whose digits you want to count. You can change this to any integer.
  • The while loop continues to execute as long as number is not zero.
  • Inside the loop, number /= 10; removes the last digit from number.
  • count is incremented each time a digit is removed.

When the number becomes zero, the loop terminates, and the total number of digits is output using System.out.println.

Q145. Write a Java program that counts how many times digit ‘D’ occurs within a given number ‘N’. You have to take N and D as inputs from the user.

Here’s a Java program that takes a number ‘N’ and a digit ‘D’ as input from the user and counts how many times digit ‘D’ occurs within the given number ‘N’:


import java.util.Scanner;

&nbsp;

public class DigitCounter {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

&nbsp;

// Taking input for N and D from the user

System.out.print("Enter the number (N): ");

long N = scanner.nextLong();

System.out.print("Enter the digit (D): ");

int D = scanner.nextInt();

&nbsp;

// Converting N to a string for easier manipulation

String numberAsString = String.valueOf(N);

&nbsp;

// Counting the occurrences of D in N

int count = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < numberAsString.length(); i++) {

if (numberAsString.charAt(i) - '0' == D) {

count++;

}

}

&nbsp;

// Displaying the result

System.out.println("The digit " + D + " occurs " + count + " times in the number " + N);

}

}

This program relies on Java’s Scanner class to gather input from the user. After receiving the input, it transforms the number ‘N’ into a string so that it can analyze each digit individually. It goes through each digit and compares it with the specified digit ‘D’, counting how many times ‘D’ appears. Once it completes this process, it displays the total count of occurrences of ‘D’ in ‘N’.

To get this program up and running, you’ll need first to compile it using a Java compiler and then execute the compiled class. Once you do that, it’ll ask you to input values for N and D, and then it’ll show you the result.

 

Q146. Write a Java program to calculate xn (x raised to the power of n) by using recursion. The solution can have O(N) time but is not allowed to use any additional space other than the recursion call stack space.

Here’s a Java program that calculates xn (x raised to the power of n) using recursion. It’s designed to keep the time complexity at O(N) and utilizes only the recursion call stack space, without needing any additional space.


<span>public class PowerCalculator {</span>

<span>    public static void main(String[] args) {</span>

<span>        double x = 2; // example base</span>

<span>        int n = 5; // example exponent</span>

<span>        double result = power(x, n);</span>

<span>        System.out.println(x + " raised to the power of " + n + " is " + result);</span>

<span>    }</span>

<span>    public static double power(double x, int n) {</span>

<span>        // Base case: any number raised to the power of 0 is 1</span>

<span>        if (n == 0) {</span>

<span>            return 1;</span>

<span>        }</span>

<span>        // If n is negative, compute the power for -n and take reciprocal</span>

<span>        if (n < 0) {</span>

<span>            return 1 / power(x, -n);</span>

<span>        }</span>

<span>        // Recursive call</span>

<span>        return x * power(x, n - 1);</span>

<span>    }</span>

<span>}</span>

<span> 

This program has a function called power which calculates the result of raising a given number x to the power of another number n. It works with both positive and negative values of n. In the main part of the program, there’s an example demonstrating how to use the power function.

When dealing with recursion, it’s crucial to keep in mind that for extremely large values of n, can cause a stack overflow error. In real-world scenarios, it’s wise to explore alternative solutions that don’t rely on recursion or to optimize through tail recursion (if your language and compiler allow it). This can greatly enhance the performance and reliability of your code in a production setting.

Q147. Write a Java program to calculate pow(x,n) using recursion.

To write a Java program that calculates x raised to the power of n using recursion, you can follow these steps:

    • Base Case: If n is 0, return 1, as any number raised to the power of 0 is 1.
  • Recursive Case: Otherwise, multiply x with the result of pow(x, n – 1).

Here’s how you can implement this:

 

</span>

<span>public class PowerCalculator {</span>

<span>    public static void main(String[] args) {</span>

<span>        int x = 2; // Example value for x</span>

<span>        int n = 5; // Example value for n</span>

<span>        int result = pow(x, n);</span>

<span>        System.out.println(x + " raised to the power of " + n + " is " + result);</span>

<span>    }</span>

<span>    public static int pow(int x, int n) {</span>

<span>        // Base case</span>

<span>        if (n == 0) {</span>

<span>            return 1;</span>

<span>        }</span>

<span>        // Recursive call</span>

<span>        return x * pow(x, n - 1);</span>

<span>    }</span>

<span>}</span>

<span> 

 

In this program:

  • The pow method is a recursive method that calculates x^n.
  • If n is 0, it returns 1.
  • Otherwise, it returns x multiplied by pow(x, n – 1), effectively computing the power recursively.

This approach works well for small values of n. However, for very large values, you may encounter a stack overflow error due to too many recursive calls. In such cases, an iterative approach or optimizing the recursion with memoization might be more efficient.

When dealing with small values of n, this method performs effectively. However, for very large values, you may encounter a stack overflow error, which happens when there are too many recursive calls. In these situations, it’s better to use an iterative method or enhance the recursion with memoization to improve efficiency.

148. Write a program in Java to Toggle the case of every character of a string. For instance, if the input string is “ApPLe”, the output should be “aPplE”.

Here’s the complete Java program that performs this task:


public class ToggleCase {

public static String toggleCase(String input) {

StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(input.length());

for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {

char c = input.charAt(i);

if (Character.isUpperCase(c)) {

result.append(Character.toLowerCase(c));

} else if (Character.isLowerCase(c)) {

result.append(Character.toUpperCase(c));

} else {

result.append(c);

}

}

return result.toString();

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String input = "ApPLe";

String toggled = toggleCase(input);

System.out.println("Original String: " + input);

System.out.println("Toggled String: " + toggled);

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Class Declaration:
    • We declare a public class named ToggleCase.
  2. toggleCase Method:
    • The toggleCase method takes a string input as an argument and returns a new string with each character’s case toggled.
    • We use a StringBuilder to build the resulting string efficiently.
    • We loop through each character of the input string using a for loop.
    • Inside the loop, we check if the current character is uppercase using Character.isUpperCase(c). If it is, we convert it to lowercase using Character.toLowerCase(c) and append it to the result.
    • If the character is lowercase (checked using Character.isLowerCase(c)), we convert it to uppercase using Character.toUpperCase(c) and append it to the result.
    • If the character is neither (such as digits or special characters), we append it as is to the result.
  3. main Method:
    • In the main method, we define a sample input string “ApPLe”.
    • We call the toggleCase method with the input string and store the result in a variable toggled.
    • Finally, we print the original and the toggled strings to the console.

Example Output:

When you run this program with the input “ApPLe”, the output will be:


Original String: ApPLe

Toggled String: aPplE

This program correctly toggles the case of each character in the input string, demonstrating the use of character manipulation methods provided by the Java Character class.

149. Write a program in Java to count the total number of vowels and consonants in a String. The string can contain all the alphanumeric and other special characters as well. However, only the lowercase English alphabets are allowed in the String.

The code will loop and test all characters in the input string chain for a vowel and a consonant to find the number of vowels and consonants in the given string containing only lowercase English alphabets. We will ignore others, like those within non-alphabetic characters.

Here’s the complete Java program that performs this task:


public class CountVowelsConsonants {

public static void countVowelsAndConsonants(String input) {

int vowelCount = 0;

int consonantCount = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {

char c = input.charAt(i);

// Check if the character is a lowercase alphabet

if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {

if (isVowel(c)) {

vowelCount++;

} else {

consonantCount++;

}

}

}

System.out.println("Total number of vowels: " + vowelCount);

System.out.println("Total number of consonants: " + consonantCount);

}

public static boolean isVowel(char c) {

// Check if the character is a vowel

return c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u';

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String input = "hello world!";

countVowelsAndConsonants(input);

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Class Declaration:
    • We declare a public class named CountVowelsConsonants.
  2. countVowelsAndConsonants Method:
    • This method takes a string input as an argument and prints the total number of vowels and consonants.
    • We initialize two counters: vowelCount and consonantCount to zero.
    • We loop through each character of the input string using a for loop.
    • Inside the loop, we check if the character is a lowercase alphabet using the condition (c >= ‘a’ && c <= ‘z’).
    • If it is a vowel (checked using the isVowel method), we increment the vowelCount.
    • If it is a consonant (i.e., a lowercase alphabet but not a vowel), we increment the consonantCount.
  3. isVowel Method:
    • This method takes a character c as an argument and returns true if it is a vowel (one of ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’), otherwise, it returns false.
  4. main Method:
    • In the main method, we define a sample input string “hello world!”.
    • We call the countVowelsAndConsonants method with the input string to count and print the number of vowels and consonants.

Example Output:

When you run this program with the input “hello world!”, the output will be:


Total number of vowels: 3

Total number of consonants: 7

This program accurately counts the number of vowels and consonants in the input string while ignoring any non-lowercase-alphabetic characters.

150. Write a program to print all the unique characters in a String. For instance, if the input string is “abcb”, the output will be the characters ‘a’ and ‘c’ as they are unique. The character ‘b’ repeats twice and so it will not be printed.

Here’s the complete Java program that performs this task:


import java.util.HashMap;

import java.util.Map;

public class UniqueCharacters {

public static void printUniqueCharacters(String input) {

// Create a HashMap to store the frequency of each character

Map<Character, Integer> charCountMap = new HashMap<>();

// Iterate through the input string and populate the HashMap

for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++) {

char c = input.charAt(i);

charCountMap.put(c, charCountMap.getOrDefault(c, 0) + 1);

}

// Create a StringBuilder to store the unique characters

StringBuilder uniqueChars = new StringBuilder();

// Iterate through the HashMap and find characters with frequency 1

for (Map.Entry<Character, Integer> entry : charCountMap.entrySet()) {

if (entry.getValue() == 1) {

uniqueChars.append(entry.getKey());

}

}

// Print the unique characters

System.out.println("Unique characters: " + uniqueChars.toString());

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String input = "abcb";

printUniqueCharacters(input);

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Class Declaration:
    • We declare a public class named UniqueCharacters.
  2. printUniqueCharacters Method:
    • This method takes a string input as an argument and prints the unique characters.
    • We create a HashMap<Character, Integer> to store the frequency of each character in the input string.
    • We iterate through the input string using a for loop and update the frequency of each character in the HashMap using the getOrDefault method.
    • We create a StringBuilder to store the unique characters.
    • We iterate through the entries of the HashMap using a for-each loop. If the frequency of a character is 1, it means the character is unique, and we append it to the StringBuilder.
    • Finally, we print the unique characters stored in the StringBuilder.
  3. main Method:
    • In the main method, we define a sample input string “abcb”.
    • We call the printUniqueCharacters method with the input string to print the unique characters.

Example Output:

When you run this program with the input “abcb”, the output will be:


Unique characters: ac

This program correctly identifies and prints the unique characters ‘a’ and ‘c’ from the input string, demonstrating the effective use of a HashMap to track character frequencies.

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151. Write a program in Java to prove that the strings are immutable in Java.

Here’s a Java program to illustrate the immutability of strings:


public class StringImmutability {

pu

blic static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a string object

String originalString = "Hello";

// Attempt to modify the string by concatenation

String modifiedString = originalString.concat(" World");

// Print the original and modified strings

System.out.println("Original String: " + originalString);

System.out.println("Modified String: " + modifiedString);

// Check if the original string has changed

if (originalString.equals("Hello")) {

System.out.println("The original string remains unchanged, proving immutability.");

} else {

System.out.println("The original string has changed.");

}

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Class Declaration:
    • We declare a public class named StringImmutability.
  2. main Method:
    • We create a string object originalString and initialize it with the value “Hello”.
    • We attempt to modify the string by concatenating it with another string ” World” using the concat method. The result is stored in a new string object modifiedString.
    • We print both the original string originalString and the modified string modifiedString to show that they are different.
    • We then check if the value of originalString has changed by comparing it to its initial value “Hello”.
    • Since originalString remains “Hello”, we print a message confirming that the original string remains unchanged, proving that strings are immutable in Java.

Example Output:

When you run this program, the output will be:


Original String: Hello

Modified String: Hello World

The original string remains unchanged, proving immutability.

Explanation of Output:

  • The original string originalString retains its value “Hello”, demonstrating that the string was not modified in place.
  • The concatenation operation produced a new string modifiedString with the value “Hello World”.
  • This confirms that any operation that appears to modify a string actually creates a new string object, proving that strings in Java are immutable.

 

152. Write a program in Java to Reverse an Array without using extra space.

Here’s the complete Java program to reverse an array without using extra space:

<div class="RqBzHd">

public class ReverseArray {

public static void reverseArray(int[] array) {

int left = 0; // Initialize left pointer

int right = array.length - 1; // Initialize right pointer

// Swap elements until left pointer is less than right pointer

while (left < right) {

// Swap the elements at left and right pointers

int temp = array[left];

array[left] = array[right];

array[right] = temp;

// Move the pointers towards the center

left++;

right--;

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] array = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// Print original array

System.out.println("Original Array: ");

for (int i : array) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

}

System.out.println();

// Reverse the array

reverseArray(array);

// Print reversed array

System.out.println("Reversed Array: ");

for (int i : array) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

}

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Class Declaration:
    • We declare a public class named ReverseArray.
  2. reverseArray Method:
    • This method takes an integer array array as an argument and reverses it in place.
    • We initialize two pointers: left at the beginning (index 0) and right at the end (index array.length – 1).
    • We use a while loop to continue swapping elements until the left pointer is less than the right pointer.
    • Inside the loop, we swap the elements at the left and right pointers using a temporary variable temp.
    • After swapping, we move the left pointer one position to the right (left++) and the right pointer one position to the left (right–).
  3. main Method:
    • In the main method, we define a sample array {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
    • We print the original array.
    • We call the reverseArray method with the sample array to reverse it in place.
    • We print the reversed array to verify the result.

Example Output:

When you run this program, the output will be:


Original Array:

1 2 3 4 5

Reversed Array:

5 4 3 2 1

This program successfully reverses the given array without using any extra space, demonstrating an efficient in-place reversal algorithm using a two-pointer approach.

153. Write a program to find the index of first occurrence and last occurrence of an element in the array in a single iteration.

To solve this problem, we can iterate through the array once and keep track of the indices of the first and last occurrences of the element. This approach ensures we only traverse the array a single time, making the solution efficient.

Here’s how you can implement it in Python:


def find_first_and_last_occurrence(arr, target):

first_index = -1

last_index = -1

&nbsp;

for i in range(len(arr)):

if arr[i] == target:

if first_index == -1:

first_index = i

last_index = i

&nbsp;

return first_index, last_index

# Example usage

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 6]

target = 3

first_index, last_index = find_first_and_last_occurrence(arr, target)

print(f"First occurrence of {target} is at index: {first_index}")

print(f"Last occurrence of {target} is at index: {last_index}")

Explanation:

  1. Initialization:
    • first_index and last_index are initialized to -1. These will store the indices of the first and last occurrences of the target element.
  2. Single Iteration:
    • We iterate through the array using a for loop.
    • For each element, we check if it matches the target.
    • If it’s the first match (first_index is still -1), we set first_index to the current index.
    • Regardless of whether it’s the first match or not, we update last_index to the current index whenever we find a match.
  3. Result:
    • After completing the iteration, first_index will hold the index of the first occurrence, and last_index will hold the index of the last occurrence of the target element.

This solution ensures we only pass through the array once, making it efficient with a time complexity of O(n), where n is the number of elements in the array.

154. Write a program in Java to input an NxN matrix and display it row-wise and column-wise.

Here’s a Java program to input an NxN matrix and display it both row-wise and column-wise:


import java.util.Scanner;

public class MatrixDisplay {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Input the size of the matrix

System.out.print("Enter the size of the NxN matrix: ");

int n = scanner.nextInt();

// Initialize the matrix

int[][] matrix = new int[n][n];

// Input the elements of the matrix

System.out.println("Enter the elements of the matrix:");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

matrix[i][j] = scanner.nextInt();

}

}

// Display the matrix row-wise

System.out.println("Matrix displayed row-wise:");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");

}

System.out.println();

}

// Display the matrix column-wise

System.out.println("Matrix displayed column-wise:");

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");

}

System.out.println();

}

scanner.close();

}

}

Explanation

  1. Importing Scanner Class: The program starts by importing the Scanner class to allow for user input.
  2. Matrix Size Input: The program prompts the user to input the size of the NxN matrix.
  3. Matrix Initialization: A 2D array matrix is initialized to store the elements of the matrix.
  4. Matrix Elements Input: Nested loops are used to input the elements of the matrix from the user.
  5. Displaying Row-wise: The matrix is displayed row-wise using nested loops. The outer loop iterates over the rows, and the inner loop iterates over the columns.
  6. Displaying Column-wise: The matrix is displayed column-wise using nested loops. The outer loop iterates over the columns, and the inner loop iterates over the rows.
  7. Closing Scanner: The scanner is closed to prevent resource leaks.

This program ensures that the matrix is displayed first by rows and then by columns, as required.

155. Write a program in Java to print the elements of the matrix in Wave Order. (The matrix can have different numbers of rows and columns).

The Wave Order means printing the matrix elements in a wave-like pattern, where we traverse downwards in odd columns and upwards in even columns.

Program to Print Matrix Elements in Wave Order


public class WaveOrderMatrix {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Example matrix

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},

{9, 10, 11, 12},

{13, 14, 15, 16}

};

// Function call to print matrix in wave order

printWaveOrder(matrix);

}

public static void printWaveOrder(int[][] matrix) {

int rows = matrix.length;

int cols = matrix[0].length;

for (int col = 0; col < cols; col++) {

if (col % 2 == 0) {

// Even index columns: top to bottom

for (int row = 0; row < rows; row++) {

System.out.print(matrix[row][col] + " ");

}

} else {

// Odd index columns: bottom to top

for (int row = rows - 1; row >= 0; row--) {

System.out.print(matrix[row][col] + " ");

}

}

}

}

}

Explanation

  1. Matrix Initialization:
    • The matrix is defined with different numbers of rows and columns. In this example, a 4×4 matrix is used, but the program works for any rectangular matrix.
  2. Wave Order Traversal:
    • The traversal is performed column by column.
    • If the column index is even (col % 2 == 0), the elements of that column are printed from top to bottom.
    • If the column index is odd, the elements of that column are printed from bottom to top.
  3. Printing the Matrix:
    • The elements are printed in the specified wave order.

Example Output

For the given example matrix:


1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

The output in wave order will be:


1 5 9 13 14 10 6 2 3 7 11 15 16 12 8 4


This approach ensures that the matrix elements are printed in a wave pattern, making it easy to follow and understand. The program handles matrices with different dimensions effectively.

&nbsp;
<h3><strong>156. Write a class “Programmer”. Give some properties and methods to it and show how you will access them in the main method by creating object(s) of this class.</strong></h3>
Here's a detailed explanation and code example for a class named Programmer with some properties and methods. The example also includes how to create objects of this class and access its properties and methods in the main method.
<h4><strong>Class Definition</strong></h4>
[java]

class Programmer:

def __init__(self, name, language, experience):

self.name = name

self.language = language

self.experience = experience

def introduce(self):

return f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I code in {self.language}."

def code(self):

return f"{self.name} is coding in {self.language}."

def years_of_experience(self):

return f"{self.name} has {self.experience} years of experience in {self.language}."

Main Method


if __name__ == "__main__":

# Creating objects of the Programmer class

programmer1 = Programmer("Alice", "Python", 5)

programmer2 = Programmer("Bob", "JavaScript", 3)

# Accessing properties

print(programmer1.name) # Output: Alice

print(programmer2.language) # Output: JavaScript

# Accessing methods

print(programmer1.introduce()) # Output: Hello, my name is Alice and I code in Python.

print(programmer2.code()) # Output: Bob is coding in JavaScript.

print(programmer1.years_of_experience()) # Output: Alice has 5 years of experience in Python.

print(programmer2.years_of_experience()) # Output: Bob has 3 years of experience in JavaScript.

Explanation

  1. Class Definition: The Programmer class is defined with an __init__ method to initialize its properties: name, language, and experience.
  2. Properties:
    • name: The name of the programmer.
    • language: The programming language the programmer uses.
    • experience: The number of years of experience the programmer has.
  3. Methods:
    • introduce(): A method that returns a string introducing the programmer.
    • code(): A method that returns a string indicating that the programmer is coding.
    • years_of_experience(): A method that returns a string showing the programmer’s years of experience.
  4. Main Method:
    • Creating Objects: Two objects of the Programmer class are created: programmer1 and programmer2.
    • Accessing Properties: The properties of the objects are accessed directly.
    • Accessing Methods: The methods are called to perform actions and retrieve information.

This example provides a basic yet comprehensive overview of how to define a class with properties and methods, and how to use them in a main method by creating objects.

 

157. Write a program in Java to show inheritance in Java.

Here’s an example demonstrating inheritance in Java. We’ll create a superclass called Animal and a subclass called Dog that inherits from Animal.

Step-by-Step ImplementationDefine the Superclass:


class Animal {

// Field

String name;

// Constructor

public Animal(String name) {

this.name = name;

}

// Method

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Some generic animal sound");

}

}

Define the Subclass:

class Dog extends Animal {

// Constructor

public Dog(String name) {

super(name); // Calling the constructor of the superclass

}

// Overriding the makeSound method

@Override

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Woof! Woof!");

}

// Additional method

public void fetch() {

System.out.println(name + " is fetching the ball.");

}

}

Main Class to Demonstrate Inheritance:

public class InheritanceDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating an object of the superclass

Animal genericAnimal = new Animal("Generic Animal");

genericAnimal.makeSound(); // Output: Some generic animal sound

// Creating an object of the subclass

Dog dog = new Dog("Buddy");

dog.makeSound(); // Output: Woof! Woof!

dog.fetch(); // Output: Buddy is fetching the ball.

}

}

Explanation

  1. Animal Class: This is the superclass with a field name, a constructor to initialize the name, and a method makeSound() that prints a generic sound.
  2. Dog Class: This subclass inherits from Animal using the extends keyword. It calls the superclass constructor using super(name) to initialize the name. The makeSound() method is overridden to provide a specific implementation for dogs. Additionally, a new method fetch() is added to show the dog’s behavior.
  3. InheritanceDemo Class: This is the main class where objects of Animal and Dog are created. It demonstrates how the subclass inherits and overrides methods from the superclass.

This example shows how inheritance works in Java, allowing the Dog class to inherit and customize the behavior defined in the Animal class.

158. Write a program in Java to show a basic “divide by 0 exception”.

Below is a Java program that demonstrates a basic “divide by 0 exception”:


public class DivideByZeroExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Attempt to divide by zero

int numerator = 10;

int denominator = 0;

int result = numerator / denominator;

&nbsp;

// This line will not be executed

System.out.println("Result: " + result);

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

// Handle the divide by zero exception

System.out.println("Error: Cannot divide by zero.");

}

}

}

Explanation:

  1. Numerator and Denominator Declaration:
    • The program starts by declaring and initializing two integer variables: numerator with a value of 10 and denominator with a value of 0.
  2. Division Operation:
    • The program attempts to perform a division operation: numerator / denominator. Since the denominator is zero, this operation will throw an ArithmeticException.
  3. Try-Catch Block:
    • The division operation is placed inside a try block. If an exception occurs, the control flow jumps to the corresponding catch block.
    • In the catch block, the exception is caught and handled. The message “Error: Cannot divide by zero.” is printed to the console, informing the user about the error.

This program effectively demonstrates how to handle a basic “divide by zero exception” in Java using a try-catch block.

 

159. A sentence is said to be a palindrome if we convert all its alphabets to lowercase, include the numerics but exclude all the spaces, whitespaces, and other special characters and it reads the same from left to right and right to left.

For instance, consider the following sentence: “2 Race, e cAr 2”. This sentence will be converted to “2raceecar2”. The string is a palindrome, hence this sentence is a palindrome. You have to take a sentence input from the user and print “true” if it is a palindrome, or else print “false”.

Step-by-Step Solution:

  1. Input the Sentence:
    • Take the input sentence from the user.
  2. Convert to Lowercase:
    • Convert all the alphabetic characters in the sentence to lowercase.
  3. Filter Valid Characters:
    • Include numeric characters.
    • Exclude spaces, whitespaces, and special characters.
  4. Check for Palindrome:
    • Check if the processed string reads the same forwards and backwards.
  5. Print Result:
    • Print “true” if the sentence is a palindrome, otherwise print “false”.

Implementation in Python:


import re

def is_palindrome(sentence):

# Convert the sentence to lowercase

sentence = sentence.lower()

&nbsp;

# Remove all characters that are not alphanumeric

filtered_sentence = re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]', '', sentence)

&nbsp;

# Check if the filtered sentence is a palindrome

if filtered_sentence == filtered_sentence[::-1]:

return "true"

else:

return "false"

# Take input from the user

user_input = input("Enter a sentence: ")

# Print whether the sentence is a palindrome or not

print(is_palindrome(user_input))

Explanation:

  1. Convert to Lowercase:
    • The function sentence.lower() is used to convert all alphabetic characters in the input to lowercase.
  2. Filter Valid Characters:
    • The regular expression re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9]’, ”, sentence) removes all characters from the sentence that are not lowercase letters or digits.
  3. Check for Palindrome:
    • The expression filtered_sentence == filtered_sentence[::-1] checks if the string reads the same forwards and backwards. The [::-1] slice reverses the string.
  4. User Input and Output:
    • The function input(“Enter a sentence: “) is used to take input from the user.
    • The result is printed based on whether the processed string is a palindrome.

This approach ensures that the sentence is processed according to the given rules and correctly determines if it is a palindrome.

 

160. Add two Binary Strings and return a Binary String as a result. The addition should be performed as per the rules of binary addition.

To add two binary strings and return the result as a binary string, we can follow these steps:

  1. Initialize Variables:
    • Create variables to store the carry and the result.
    • Set i and j to point to the last characters of the two binary strings.
  2. Iterate from Right to Left:
    • Use a loop to iterate from the end of both strings towards the beginning.
    • At each step, add the corresponding bits along with the carry.
  3. Calculate Sum and Carry:
    • The sum of two binary digits (a and b) and a carry (c) can be calculated as follows:
      • total_sum = int(a) + int(b) + carry
      • The new bit to add to the result is total_sum % 2.
      • The new carry is total_sum // 2.
  4. Handle Remaining Carry:
    • If there is a carry left after the loop, add it to the result.
  5. Construct the Result:
    • The result is constructed in reverse order, so reverse it before returning.

Here is the implementation of the above logic in Python:


def add_binary_strings(a, b):

result = []

carry = 0

&nbsp;

i = len(a) - 1

j = len(b) - 1

&nbsp;

while i &gt;= 0 or j &gt;= 0 or carry:

total_sum = carry

&nbsp;

if i &gt;= 0:

total_sum += int(a[i])

i -= 1

if j &gt;= 0:

total_sum += int(b[j])

j -= 1

&nbsp;

# Append the current bit to the result

result.append(str(total_sum % 2))

&nbsp;

# Update the carry

carry = total_sum // 2

&nbsp;

# Since we've constructed the result in reverse order, reverse it back

return ''.join(result[::-1])

# Example usage

binary_string_1 = "1101"

binary_string_2 = "1011"

result = add_binary_strings(binary_string_1, binary_string_2)

print("Result of adding binary strings:", result)

Explanation of Example:

  • Given binary strings 1101 and 1011.
  • We start from the rightmost bit:
    • 1 + 1 = 10 (binary), write down 0, carry 1.
    • 0 + 1 + 1 (carry) = 10 (binary), write down 0, carry 1.
    • 1 + 0 + 1 (carry) = 10 (binary), write down 0, carry 1.
    • 1 + 1 (carry) = 10 (binary), write down 0, carry 1.
  • After finishing the addition, we have an extra carry 1.
  • The final result is 11000 after reversing the constructed result.

This method ensures that the binary addition is performed accurately, following the rules of binary arithmetic.

 

161. You are given 2 strings as input. You have to check whether they are anagrams or not.

Anagrams are those strings that have the same characters occurring an equal number of times in both the strings. However, the order can be different. For example “anagram” and “nagrama” are Anagrams.

Checking if Two Strings are Anagrams

To determine whether two given strings are anagrams, we need to check if both strings contain the same characters with the same frequency, regardless of the order in which they appear. An efficient way to achieve this is by following these steps:

  1. Sanitize Input: Ensure both strings are in the same case (either all lowercase or all uppercase) to avoid case sensitivity issues.
  2. Check Lengths: If the lengths of the strings are not equal, they cannot be anagrams.
  3. Count Characters: Use a data structure (such as a dictionary) to count the occurrences of each character in both strings.
  4. Compare Counts: If the character counts match for both strings, then they are anagrams.

Here is a step-by-step implementation in Python:


def are_anagrams(str1, str2):

# Step 1: Convert both strings to lowercase (or uppercase) to handle case insensitivity

str1 = str1.lower()

str2 = str2.lower()

&nbsp;

# Step 2: Check if the lengths of both strings are the same

if len(str1) != len(str2):

return False

&nbsp;

# Step 3: Create dictionaries to count the occurrences of each character

char_count1 = {}

char_count2 = {}

&nbsp;

# Count characters for the first string

for char in str1:

if char in char_count1:

char_count1[char] += 1

else:

char_count1[char] = 1

&nbsp;

# Count characters for the second string

for char in str2:

if char in char_count2:

char_count2[char] += 1

else:

char_count2[char] = 1

&nbsp;

# Step 4: Compare the two dictionaries

return char_count1 == char_count2

# Example usage

str1 = "anagram"

str2 = "nagrama"

print(are_anagrams(str1, str2)) # Output: True

Explanation:

  1. Sanitize Input:
    • Convert both strings to lowercase to ensure the comparison is case insensitive.
  2. Check Lengths:
    • If the lengths are different, immediately return False as they cannot be anagrams.
  3. Count Characters:
    • Use two dictionaries to store the count of each character in both strings.
  4. Compare Counts:
    • Finally, compare the two dictionaries. If they are identical, the strings are anagrams; otherwise, they are not.

This approach ensures that we efficiently check if the two strings are anagrams by focusing on character counts and ignoring the order of characters. This method has a time complexity of O(n), where n is the length of the strings, making it suitable for practical use.

 

162. You are given a sorted array of integers. It is given that each element in the array is unique. You have to find the index where the element is located in the array. If it is not located in the array, you have to return the index at which it should be inserted in the array so that the array remains sorted. You can’t use extra space and the expected time complexity is O(log2N) where N is the number of elements in the array.

To solve this problem, we can use a binary search algorithm because it has a time complexity of O(log N), which meets the requirement. Binary search is well-suited for this task because it efficiently narrows down the search range in a sorted array.

Here’s the detailed solution:

Explanation

  1. Initialize the Search Range:
    • Start with two pointers: left initialized to 0 and right initialized to the last index of the array.
  2. Binary Search Loop:
    • Calculate the middle index: mid = left + (right – left) / 2.
    • Compare the target value with the middle element of the array.
    • If the target is equal to the middle element, return the mid index.
    • If the target is less than the middle element, narrow the search range to the left half by setting right to mid – 1.
    • If the target is greater than the middle element, narrow the search range to the right half by setting left to mid + 1.
  3. Determine the Insertion Index:
    • If the target is not found in the array, left will be the index where the target should be inserted to maintain the sorted order.

Implementation

Here is the Python code for the solution:


def search_insert_position(nums, target):

left, right = 0, len(nums) - 1

&nbsp;

while left &lt;= right:

mid = left + (right - left) // 2

&nbsp;

if nums[mid] == target:

return mid

elif nums[mid] &lt; target:

left = mid + 1

else:

right = mid - 1

&nbsp;

return left

# Example usage:

nums = [1, 3, 5, 6]

target = 5

print(search_insert_position(nums, target)) # Output: 2

target = 2

print(search_insert_position(nums, target)) # Output: 1

target = 7

print(search_insert_position(nums, target)) # Output: 4

target = 0

print(search_insert_position(nums, target)) # Output: 0

Explanation of the Code

  • The function search_insert_position takes a sorted list nums and a target value.
  • It initializes left and right pointers.
  • It performs binary search to find the target or determine the insertion index.
  • If the target is found, it returns the index.
  • If the target is not found, it returns the left pointer, which is the correct insertion index to maintain the sorted order.

This solution is efficient, uses no extra space, and has the required O(log N) time complexity.

So this brings us to the end of the blog. The topics that you learned in this Core Java Interview Questions blog are the most sought-after skill sets that recruiters look for in a Java Professional. This set of Interview Questions will definitely help you ace your job interview. Good luck with your interview!

Got a question for us? Please mention it in the comments section of this and we will get back to you as soon as possible.

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38 Comments
  • In Question 10, describing the difference between heap and stack, the last comparison is not totally accurate. starting from Java 6 we have something called Escape Analysis made by the JVM. This is not only primitives and references are stored but also Objects that has no hope of being referenced outof scope are stored in the Stack Memory. This is efficient because the garbage collector shouldn’t care about local variables that end their lifetime in side the same scope.

    • Hey Tessema, thank you for reading our blogs and for pointing this out. We are glad to have avid learners like you on our channel. Cheers :)

  • In qn 18, isnt the parent method foo supposed to be hidden? so that all outputs belong to child class..

    • Hey Greshma, we would definitely like to help. May we know which question are you talking about? We can’t find a qn18. Thanks!

  • Question no 13 of exception where question says some methods of Exception class , toString() is method of Object class not of Exception class. Throwable class override this method from Object class. Throwable is parent of Exception class, that’s why Exception is able to use it. Correct it.

  • Hi.
    Section OOPS Java Interview Questions:
    Q5 example is not valid in terms of syntax you missed curly braces.

    • Hey Bhargav, this was mostly probably a typo. We regret the mistake and thank you for pointing it out. Do browse through our other blogs and let us know how you liked it. Cheers :)

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