Cases of static and dynamic binding in C

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The following code has four classes: Base1, Derived1 (derived from Base1), Base2, Derived2 (derived from Base2) (derived from Base2). 

The integer data1 and display data() functions are available in both base classes. 

Data1 and data2 are integers in both derived classes, as are the display data() functions.

In my code, I tried four different cases, which can be seen in the main function. 

I'm not sure which of these is a static binding case and which is a dynamic binding case. 

I need some assistance here. 

I'd also like to know which of these scenarios qualifies as "function overriding."

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base1{
protected:
    int data1;

public:
    Base1(int idata1 = 0) {
        data1 = idata1;
    }

    void display_data() {
        cout << "Base1: " << data1 << endl;
    }
};

class Derived1 : public Base1 {
protected:
    int data2;

public:
    Derived1(int idata1 = 0, int idata2 = 0) {
        data1 = idata1;
        data2 = idata2;
    }

    void display_data() {
        cout << "Derived1: " << data1 << ' ' << data2 << endl;
    }
};


class Base2 {
protected:
    int data1;

public:
    Base2(int idata1 = 0) {
        data1 = idata1;
    }

    virtual void display_data() {
        cout << "Base2: " << data1 << endl;
    }
};

class Derived2 : public Base2 {
protected:
    int data2;

public:
    Derived2(int idata1 = 0, int idata2 = 0) {
        data1 = idata1;
        data2 = idata2;
    }

    void display_data() {
        cout << "Derived2: " << data1 << ' ' << data2 << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    // case 1
    Derived1 d1(1, 10);
    d1.display_data();

    // case 2
    Base1* d2 = new Derived1(2, 20);
    d2->display_data();

    // case 3
    Derived2 d3(3, 30);
    d3.display_data();

    // case 4
    Base2* d4 = new Derived2(4, 40);
    d4->display_data();

    return 0;
}

OUPUT:

Derived1: 1 10
Base1: 2
Derived2: 3 30
Derived2: 4 40
Jun 2, 2022 in C++ by Nicholas
• 7,760 points
702 views

1 answer to this question.

0 votes

When an object's static type is used to associate it with a member function, this is known as static binding (understand the type of its class).

When a pointer or reference is associated with a member function based on the dynamic type of the object, this is known as dynamic binding (understand the instance of the variable at runtime).

Before continuing, keep in mind that dynamic binding only works with pointers, references, and virtual functions for the base class.

Because everything needed to call the function is known at compile time, the first call is a static binding (also known as early binding).

Derived1 d1(1, 10);
    d1.display_data();

You already know that the d1 instance is a Derived1 automatic variable, and that it will call the Derived1::display data method ().

The first condition is incorrect: d1 is neither a pointer nor a reference.

The second condition isn't acceptable: 

There is no virtual Derived1::display data.

The second call is for

 Base1* d2 = new Derived1(2, 20);
    d2->display_data();

We can see that the variable d2's declared type is Base1, but the instance is Derived1 (it is correct because of inheritance thus Derived1 is a Base1 class). 

However, you have no idea whether the display data method it will call is from Base1::display data or Derived1::display data.

Because we have the d2 of type pointer Base1*, the first condition is satisfied.

Because Base1::display data is not virtual, the second condition is incorrect. 

Because it is still a static binding, the function with the declared type will be called, so the code will call Base1::display data.

The third call is for

// case 3
    Derived2 d3(3, 30);
    d3.display_data();

This will result in a static binding, which will then be used to call the Derived3:: method. 

display data

The first requirement is not met: d3 is neither a pointer nor a reference.

The second condition is acceptable: 

It is virtual to use Derived2::display data.

This is the fourth call.

This time it's a dynamic binding: 

Base2* d4 = new Derived2(4, 40);
    d4->display_data();

The first requirement is satisfied: d4 is a pointer.

The second condition is acceptable: 

It is virtual to use Derived2::display data. 

At runtime, instead of calling the method from the declared type base2, the method will be called from the declared instance. 

Derived2::display data

answered Jun 7, 2022 by Damon
• 4,960 points

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