I found this in MSDN:
A query against the Table service may return a maximum of 1,000 entities at one time and may execute for a maximum of five seconds.
But as I wrote a sample to show this issue, I didn't find any limitations for the number of returned entities, here is my key code:
public class DataProvider
{
    public static string PartitionKey
    {
        get { return "PartitionKey"; }
    }
    public static IEnumerable<CustomerEntity> MoreThanThousandData()
    {
        var result = new List<CustomerEntity>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 1200; i++)
        {
            result.Add(new CustomerEntity(PartitionKey, Guid.NewGuid().ToString())
            {
                Name = Guid.NewGuid().ToString(),
                Age = new Random().Next(10, 70)
            });
        }
        return result;
    }
}
Insert 1200 entities to the table:
public class AfterOptimize
{
    public void InsertDataToTable()
    {
        var cloudData = DataProvider.MoreThanThousandData();
        Console.WriteLine("Plan to insert {0} entities to the table.", cloudData.Count());
        InsertDataToTableInternal(AzureTableService.Table, cloudData);
    }
    private void InsertDataToTableInternal(CloudTable table, IEnumerable<ITableEntity> data)
    {
        var splitedData = data.Chunk(100);
        Parallel.ForEach(splitedData, item =>
        {
            var batchInsertOperation = new TableBatchOperation();
            foreach (var tableEntity in item)
            {
                batchInsertOperation.Add(TableOperation.Insert(tableEntity));
            }
            table.ExecuteBatch(batchInsertOperation);
        });
    }
}
Then, read from the table, the partition key are all the same here:
public void ReadCloudData()
{
    InsertMoreThanOneThousandDataToTable();
    var query =
        new TableQuery<CustomerEntity>().Where(TableQuery.GenerateFilterCondition("PartitionKey",
            QueryComparisons.Equal, DataProvider.PartitionKey));
    var result = AzureTableService.Table.ExecuteQuery(query);
    Console.WriteLine("Read {0} entities from table.", result.Count()); // output 1200
}
I only used the latest Azure storage .NET client API.