Mastering Python (89 Blogs) Become a Certified Professional

Linear Regression Algorithm from Scratch

Last updated on Aug 08,2023 41.7K Views

Sr. Research Analyst with a demonstrated history of working in the e-learning... Sr. Research Analyst with a demonstrated history of working in the e-learning industry. Experienced in machine learning with python and visualizing data and creating...

What is Linear Regression?

A linear regression is one of the easiest statistical models in machine learning. Understanding its algorithm is a crucial part of the Data Science Python Certification’s course curriculum. It is used to show the linear relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Linear Regression - AI vs Machine Learning vs Deep Learning - Edureka

🐍 Ready to Unleash the Power of Python? Sign Up for Edureka’s Comprehensive Python Certification with access to hundreds of Python learning Modules and 24/7 technical support.

Before we drill down to linear regression in depth, let me just give you a quick overview of what is a regression as Linear Regression is one of a type of Regression algorithm

What is Regression?

Regression analysis is a form of predictive modelling technique which investigates the relationship between a dependent and independent variable

Types of Regression

  • Linear Regression

  • Logistic Regression

  • Polynomial Regression

  • Stepwise Regression

Linear Regression vs Logistic Regression

 

BasisLinear RegressionLogistic Regression
Core ConceptThe data is modelled using a straight lineThe data is modelled using a sigmoid
Used withContinuous VariableCategorical Variable
Output/PredictionValue of the variableProbability of occurrence of an event
Accuracy and Goodness of FitMeasured by loss, R squared, Adjusted R squared etc.

Measured by Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 score, ROC curve, Confusion Matrix, etc

Where is Linear Regression Used?

1. Evaluating Trends and Sales Estimates 

Impact of Price Change - Linear Regression from scratch using Python - edureka

Linear regressions can be used in business to evaluate trends and make estimates or forecasts.
For example, if a company’s sales have increased steadily every month for the past few years, conducting a linear analysis on the sales data with monthly sales on the y-axis and time on the x-axis would produce a line that that depicts the upward trend in sales. After creating the trend line, the company could use the slope of the line to forecast sales in future months.

2. Analyzing the Impact of Price Changes

sales forecast- Linear Regression from scratch using Python - edureka

Linear regression can also be used to analyze the effect of pricing on consumer behaviour.

For example, if a company changes the price on a certain product several times, it can record the quantity it sells for each price level and then performs a linear regression with quantity sold as the dependent variable and price as the explanatory variable. The result would be a line that depicts the extent to which consumers reduce their consumption of the product as prices increase, which could help guide future pricing decisions.

 

3. Assessing Risk

Risk Analysis - Linear Regression from scratch using Python - edureka

Linear regression can be used to analyze risk.

For example

A health insurance company might conduct a linear regression plotting number of claims per customer against age and discover that older customers tend to make more health insurance claims. The results of such an analysis might guide important business decisions made to account for risk.

How do Linear Regression Algorithm works?

Linear Regression Algorithm | Linear Regression in Python | Edureka


This Linear Regression Algorithm video is designed in a way that you learn about the algorithm in depth.

Least Square Method – Finding the best fit line

Least squares is a statistical method used to determine the best fit line or the regression line by minimizing the sum of squares created by a mathematical function. The “square” here refers to squaring the distance between a data point and the regression line. The line with the minimum value of the sum of square is the best-fit regression line.

Regression Line, y = mx+c where,

y = Dependent Variable

x= Independent Variable ; c = y-Intercept

Least Square Method – Implementation using Python

For the implementation part, I will be using a dataset consisting of head size and brain weight of different people.

# Importing Necessary Libraries

%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (20.0, 10.0)

# Reading Data
data = pd.read_csv('headbrain.csv')
print(data.shape)
data.head()


# Collecting X and Y
X = data['Head Size(cm^3)'].values
Y = data['Brain Weight(grams)'].values

In order to find the value of m and c, you first need to calculate the mean of X and Y

# Mean X and Y
mean_x = np.mean(X)
mean_y = np.mean(Y)

# Total number of values
n = len(X)

# Using the formula to calculate m and c
numer = 0
denom = 0
for i in range(n):
numer += (X[i] - mean_x) * (Y[i] - mean_y)
denom += (X[i] - mean_x) ** 2
m = numer / denom
c = mean_y - (m * mean_x)

# Print coefficients
print(m, c)

The value of m and c from above will be added to this equation

BrainWeigh∗ HeadSize

Plotting Linear Regression Line

Now that we have the equation of the line. So for each actual value of x, we will find the predicted values of y. Once we get the points we can plot them over and create the Linear Regression Line,

# Plotting Values and Regression Line
max_x = np.max(X) + 100
min_x = np.min(X) - 100
# Calculating line values x and y
x = np.linspace(min_x, max_x, 1000)
y = c + m * x 

# Ploting Line
plt.plot(x, y, color='#52b920', label='Regression Line')
# Ploting Scatter Points
plt.scatter(X, Y, c='#ef4423', label='Scatter Plot')

plt.xlabel('Head Size in cm3')
plt.ylabel('Brain Weight in grams')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

R Square Method – Goodness of Fit

Rsquared value is the statistical measure to show how close the data are to the fitted regression line

Calculation of R-square - Linear Regression Algorithm - Edureka

 

y = actual value

y ̅ = mean value of y

yp =  predicted value of y

R-squared does not indicate whether a regression model is adequate. You can have a low R-squared value for a good model, or a high R-squared value for a model that does not fit the data!

R square – Implementation using Python

#ss_t is the total sum of squares and ss_r is the total sum of squares of residuals(relate them to the formula).
ss_t = 0
ss_r = 0
for i in range(m):
y_pred = c + m * X[i]
ss_t += (Y[i] - mean_y) ** 2
ss_r += (Y[i] - y_pred) ** 2
r2 = 1 - (ss_r/ss_t)
print(r2)

Linear Regression – Implementation using scikit learn

If you have reached up here, I assume now you have a good understanding of Linear Regression Algorithm using Least Square Method. Now its time that I tell you about how you can simplify things and implement the same model using a Machine Learning Library called scikit-learn

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# Cannot use Rank 1 matrix in scikit learn
X = X.reshape((m, 1))
# Creating Model
reg = LinearRegression()
# Fitting training data
reg = reg.fit(X, Y)
# Y Prediction
Y_pred = reg.predict(X)

# Calculating R2 Score
r2_score = reg.score(X, Y)

print(r2_score)

This was all about the Linear regression Algorithm using python. In case you are still left with a query, don’t hesitate in adding your doubt to the blog’s comment section.

 

 

 

 

Upcoming Batches For Data Science with Python Certification Course
Course NameDateDetails
Data Science with Python Certification Course

Class Starts on 30th March,2024

30th March

SAT&SUN (Weekend Batch)
View Details
Data Science with Python Certification Course

Class Starts on 22nd June,2024

22nd June

SAT&SUN (Weekend Batch)
View Details
Comments
1 Comment

Join the discussion

Browse Categories

webinar REGISTER FOR FREE WEBINAR
REGISTER NOW
webinar_success Thank you for registering Join Edureka Meetup community for 100+ Free Webinars each month JOIN MEETUP GROUP

Subscribe to our Newsletter, and get personalized recommendations.

image not found!
image not found!

Linear Regression Algorithm from Scratch

edureka.co